2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0347
    Lacidipine
    		Inhibitor 99.40%
    Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI).
    Lacidipine
  • HY-B0481
    Miglitol
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Miglitol (BAY-m1099) is an orally active antidiabetic compound that inhibits the breakdown of glycoconjugates into glucose. Miglitol inhibits glycoside hydrolase enzymes called α-glucosidases. Miglitol inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial ROS over-production in endothelial cells by enhancement of AMP-activated protein kinase. Dietary supplementation with Miglitol from pre-onset stage in OLETF rats delays the onset and development of diabetes and preserves the insulin secretory function of pancreatic islets.
    Miglitol
  • HY-106591A
    4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide
    		Activator 98.0%
    4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide (4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide) is an orally active metabolite of 4-vinylcyclohexene. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide induces Apoptosis, increases intracellular ROS, and activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide selectively damages small ovarian follicles, inhibits granulosa cell function, and disrupts the male reproductive system. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide can be used in the study of premature ovarian insufficiency, reproductive toxicity, and related fertility disorders.
    4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide
  • HY-N0524
    Propyl gallate
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Propyl gallate is a common food antioxidant. Propyl gallate can inhibit the production of acrolein, glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Propyl gallate exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor and cardioprotective activities.
    Propyl gallate
  • HY-128525
    Enterobactin
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Enterobactin is a siderophore produced by Gram-negative bacteria and has an extremely high affinity for iron. During the process of Salmonella typhimurium infecting macrophages, Enterobactin can not only help bacteria uptake iron but also reduce the antibacterial activity of macrophages. In addition, Enterobactin is also involved in the oxidative stress response of Escherichia coli. Enterobactin can be hydrolyzed by Fes in the cell and exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals.
    Enterobactin
  • HY-D1159
    HKOH-1r
    		98.43%
    HKOH-1r is a highly sensitive green fluorescent probe for the specific detection of ·OH in living cells with a maximum excitation wavelength and emission wavelength of 500 nm and 520 nm, respectively.
    HKOH-1r
  • HY-W016409
    Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
    		Activator 99.96%
    Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester) is an orally effective, blood-brain barrier-permeable, competitive prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor that inhibits the hydroxylation modification of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by PHD. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate stabilizes HIF-1α by inhibiting PHD, activates downstream pathways to induce autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells, and regulates inflammatory responses, inhibits the NF-κB pathway, improves vascular permeability, and promotes osteoblast differentiation. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate has anti-tumor, anti-hypoxic injury, and bone metabolism regulation effects. It can also be used in the research of cardiovascular protection (such as reducing myocardial ischemic damage), bone tissue engineering (promoting osteogenesis/inhibiting osteoclast differentiation), and prevention and treatment of high-altitude cerebral edema.
    Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
  • HY-148510
    HKB99
    		Inducer 98.58%
    HKB99 is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1). HKB99 induces apoptosis. HKB99 inhibits the formation of invasive pseudopodia and inhibits migration. HKB99 increases the oxidative stress, activates JNK/c-Jun and suppresses AKT and ERK. HKB99 can be used for the research of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    HKB99
  • HY-116084S
    Trimethylamine N-oxide-d9
    		Activator 99.76%
    Trimethylamine N-oxide-d9 is the deuterium labeled Trimethylamine N-oxide. Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
    Trimethylamine N-oxide-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-N1939
    Icariside I
    		Agonist 99.30%
    Icariside I (GH01) is an orally active metabolite of icalin. Icariside I improves estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis by simultaneously regulating osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Icariside I promotes ATP (HY-B2176) or Nigericin (HY-127019)-induced mtROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and causes idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Icariside I does not alter the activation of NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes. Icariside I inhibits breast cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis by targeting the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Icariside I is a kynurenine-AhR pathway inhibitor that alleviates cancer by blocking tumor immune escape.
    Icariside I
  • HY-13755A
    (R)-Sulforaphane
    		Inhibitor 99.48%
    (R)-Sulforaphane (L-Sulforaphane) is a orally active, potent inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, exhibiting antioxidant and anticancer activities. (R)-Sulforaphane primarily functions by upregulating phase II detoxifying enzymes in cells, aiding in the removal of carcinogens and combating oxidative stress. (R)-Sulforaphane is capable of modulating gene expression, influencing various signaling pathways, including Nrf2, NF-κB, and AP-1. (R)-Sulforaphane can be used in studies of tumor biology, antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as inflammation and immune responses.
    (R)-Sulforaphane
  • HY-19625
    MCB-613
    		99.64%
    MCB-613 is a potent Steroid receptor coactivator SRC small molecule ‘stimulator’ (SMS), super-stimulates SRCs’ transcriptional activity. MCB-613 increases SRCs’ interactions with other coactivators and markedly induces ER stress coupled to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MCB-613 is a SMS that target oncogenes can be exploited as anti-cancer agents by over-stimulating the SRC oncogenic program.
    MCB-613
  • HY-134832
    Mito-LND
    		Activator
    Mito-LND (Mito-Lonidamine) is an orally active and mitochondria-targeted inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mito-LND inhibits mitochondrial bioenergetics, stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species, and induces autophagic cell death in lung cancer cells.
    Mito-LND
  • HY-W013579
    (S)-(+)-Carvone
    		Activator 99.26%
    (S)-(+)-Carvone is an orally active natural product. (S)-(+)-Carvone increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and ROS, reduces the levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, AChE), reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), and downregulates NLRP3. (S)-(+)-Carvone increases the activities of caspase-8, -9 and -3. (S)-(+)-Carvone induces apoptotic death. (S)-(+)-Carvone has antimanic-like effect, liver protection and anticancer activity against skin cancer. (S)-(+)-Carvone improves memory and arthritis.
    (S)-(+)-Carvone
  • HY-N0515
    Ophiopogonin D
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    Ophiopogonin D can be isolated from the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus, is a rare naturally occurring C29 steroidal glycoside. Ophiopogonin D is a CYP2J3 inducer that significantly inhibits Ang II induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, IκBα down-regulation, intracellular Ca2+ overload and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by increasing the expression of CYP2J2/EETs and PPARα in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ophiopogonin D can inhibit isteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Ophiopogonin D has protective effect as an antioxidant in H2O2-induced endothelial injury. Ophiopogonin D blocks ERK signaling cascades. Ophiopogonin D alleviates high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and changes the structure of gut microbiota in mice. Ophiopogonin D has been used against inflammatory, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
    Ophiopogonin D
  • HY-113149A
    Argininosuccinic acid disodium
    		Inducer
    Argininosuccinic acid disodium is an intermediate metabolite in the urea cycle, and its level is associated with argininosuccinic aciduria. Argininosuccinic acid disodium can induce oxidative stress, leading to lipid and protein oxidation, reduction of glutathione, and decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. Argininosuccinic acid disodium can be converted into guanidinosuccinic acid, a nitric oxide mimic, under the action of nitric oxide-derived free radicals. Argininosuccinic acid disodium can be used in the research of metabolic diseases, renal failure, nervous system diseases, etc.
    Argininosuccinic acid disodium
  • HY-14914
    Azilsartan
    		Inducer 99.68%
    Azilsartan (TAK-536) is an orally active, potent, selective and specific angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist. Azilsartan induces ROS formation and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Azilsartan shows neuroprotective and anticancer activity. Azilsartan can be used for hypertension and stroke research.
    Azilsartan
  • HY-126861
    2'-Deoxy-5-formylcytidine
    		99.70%
    2'-Deoxy-5-formylcytidine is an effective internal triplet photosensitizer in DNA. 2'-Deoxy-5-formylcytidine could act as a new hot spot in DNA photodamage.
    2'-Deoxy-5-formylcytidine
  • HY-N2010
    Methyl gallate
    		99.98%
    Methyl gallate is a plant phenolic with antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Methyl gallate also shows bacterial inhibition activity. Methyl gallate also has anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibitory activities.
    Methyl gallate
  • HY-N0483
    Phillygenin
    		98.55%
    Phillygenin (Phillygenol) is an active ingredient from Forsythia with many medicinal properties, such as antioxidant, reducing blood lipid, inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation.
    Phillygenin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity