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  5. D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride  (Synonyms: D-Galactosamine HCl)

Cat. No.: HY-42682 Purity: ≥98.0%
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D(+)-Galactosamine (D-Galactosamine) hydrochloride, which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and depletion of UTP nucleotides. D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride intoxication also induces renal dysfunction thus, renal failure is often associated with the end-stage of the liver damage. Lipopolysaccharide/D(+)-Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure.

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D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Chemical Structure

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 1772-03-8

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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride:

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Related Antibodies

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1 Publications Citing Use of MCE D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride

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Description

D(+)-Galactosamine (D-Galactosamine) hydrochloride, which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and depletion of UTP nucleotides. D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride intoxication also induces renal dysfunction thus, renal failure is often associated with the end-stage of the liver damage. Lipopolysaccharide/D(+)-Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure[1][2].

In Vitro

D(+)-Galactosamine (5 mM, 0-24 h) hydrochloride induces apoptosis and necrosis in primary culture of rat hepatocytes, and induces caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Related Antibodies
In Vivo

D-Galactosamine can be used to induce hepatitis models.

Induction of Hepatitis
Background
D-Galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity is similar to viral hepatitis. D-Galactosamine induces the lipids peroxidation and thus leads to deterioration of cell membrane[5].
Specific Mmodeling Methods
Rat: Wistar • 110-180 g • female
Administration: 250 mg/kg • i.p. • 6 injection in 24 hours or 1.5 g/kg • i.p. • single dose
Note
For 250 mg/kg, 6 injections: first 3 of injections with 4 hours intervals, after 14 hours pause, the last 3 of injections with 1 hour intervals.
Modeling Indicators
Molecular changes: Increased bilirubin, hemoglobin, and enzyme activities of GOT, GPT and GIDH in serum. Depleted glycogen from hepatocytes. Decreased levels of adenine nucleotides and UDP-glucose in liver metabolite. Decreased serum proteins and prothrombin activity.
Morphology: Decreased weight and consistency of liver. Hemorrhages in several organs, particularly in gut and stomach.
Histological Analysis: Induced necrosis and inflammatory infiltration in periportal areas, induced appearance of councilman bodies, enlarged and increased kupffer cells.
Correlated Product(s): Lipopolysaccharide (HY-D1056)
Opposite Product(s): Bergenin (HY-N0017); Glycyrrhizin (HY-N0184); Bicyclol (HY-B0766); Chrysin (HY-14589)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: C57BL/6J mice[2]
Dosage: 400 mg/kg, together with Lipopolysaccharide (HY-D1056) (LPS, 10 μg/kg)
Administration: i.p.
Result: Induces a model of acute liver failure, with necrosis in the liver.
Increased serum ALT and AST levels and serum inflammatory cytokine concentrations, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18.
Molecular Weight

215.63

Formula

C6H14ClNO5
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

OC1[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1.[H]Cl
Structure Classification
Initial Source

Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655)
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

H2O : 100 mg/mL (463.76 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 25 mg/mL (115.94 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 4.6376 mL 23.1879 mL 46.3757 mL
5 mM 0.9275 mL 4.6376 mL 9.2751 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

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C2

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.59 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 100 mg/mL (463.76 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: ≥98.0%

COA (244 KB) HNMR (111 KB) OR (83 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO / H2O 1 mM 4.6376 mL 23.1879 mL 46.3757 mL 115.9393 mL
5 mM 0.9275 mL 4.6376 mL 9.2751 mL 23.1879 mL
10 mM 0.4638 mL 2.3188 mL 4.6376 mL 11.5939 mL
15 mM 0.3092 mL 1.5459 mL 3.0917 mL 7.7293 mL
20 mM 0.2319 mL 1.1594 mL 2.3188 mL 5.7970 mL
25 mM 0.1855 mL 0.9275 mL 1.8550 mL 4.6376 mL
30 mM 0.1546 mL 0.7729 mL 1.5459 mL 3.8646 mL
40 mM 0.1159 mL 0.5797 mL 1.1594 mL 2.8985 mL
50 mM 0.0928 mL 0.4638 mL 0.9275 mL 2.3188 mL
60 mM 0.0773 mL 0.3865 mL 0.7729 mL 1.9323 mL
80 mM 0.0580 mL 0.2898 mL 0.5797 mL 1.4492 mL
100 mM 0.0464 mL 0.2319 mL 0.4638 mL 1.1594 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

D(+)-Galactosamine1772-03-8D-Galactosamine HClOtherstoxinrenaldysfunctionfailurefulminanthepaticliverInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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