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Pathways Recommended:	Cell Cycle/DNA Damage

Results for "

DNA cross-links

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker (28) DNA/RNA Synthesis (11) ADC Cytotoxin (5) Antibiotic (4) Apoptosis (18) Autophagy (2) Bacterial (6) Drug Metabolite (3) Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC (2) E1/E2/E3 Enzyme (1) Endogenous Metabolite (1) Ferroptosis (1) HSP (4) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (3) Lipoxygenase (1) MDM-2/p53 (1) Orthopoxvirus (4) Pyroptosis (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (2)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (41) Infection (7) Inflammation/Immunology (10)

Inhibitors & Agonists

Fluorescent Dye

Peptides

Natural
Products

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Targets Recommended: DNA-PK DNA Methyltransferase DNA Stain DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA/RNA Synthesis

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-13424

RITA 3 Publications Verification NSC 652287	MDM-2/p53 Autophagy DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
RITA is an inhibitor of p53-HDM-2 interaction, binds to p53dN, with a K_d of 1.5 nM, and also induces **DNA-DNA cross-links**.

HY-17371

Oxaliplatin 105+ Cited Publications	DNA/RNA Synthesis Apoptosis	Cancer
Oxaliplatin is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Oxaliplatin causes DNA crosslinking damage, prevents DNA replication and transcription and induces apoptosis. Oxaliplatin can be used for cancer research .

HY-B1157

Trioxsalen 2 Publications Verification Trisoralen; Trioxysalen; TMP	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Inflammation/Immunology
Trioxsalen (Trisoralen), a psoralen derivative, is a photochemical DNA crosslinker. Trioxsalen only works after photoactivation with near ultraviolet light. Trioxsalen is a photosensitizer that can be used for the research of vitiligo and hand eczema. Trioxsalen is used for visualization of genomic interstrand cross-links localized by laser photoactivation .

HY-D2353

Biotin-PEG3-benzophenone	DNA/RNA Synthesis	Cancer
Biotin-PEG3-benzophenone is biotin-labeled Benzophenone (HY-Y0546). Benzophenone is an endogenous metabolite and a photosensitizer that has been implicated in photosensitive damage to DNA. Benzophenone causes nucleobase oxidation, formation of cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers, single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links or abasic sites, different pathologies that may occur in nucleosides, oligonucleotides or DNA .

HY-P2962

Transglutaminase, Streptoverticillium mobaraense TG	Others	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Transglutaminase, Streptoverticillium mobaraense (TG) is an enzyme that forms cross-links between protein molecules. Transglutaminase, Streptoverticillium mobaraense attaches proteins and peptides to small molecules, polymers, surfaces, DNA and other proteins. Transglutaminase, Streptoverticillium mobaraense is widely used in food applications in the meat, fish, dairy and baking industries .

HY-139635

Anticancer agent 11	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
Anticancer agent 11 is a broad-spectrum anticancer agent that inhibits angiogenesis and induces **DNA cross-links**.

HY-17371A

(rel)-Oxaliplatin	DNA/RNA Synthesis Apoptosis	Cancer
(rel)-Oxaliplatin is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. (rel)-Oxaliplatin causes DNA crosslinking damage, prevents DNA replication and transcription and induces apoptosis. (rel)-Oxaliplatin can be used for cancer research .

HY-17371S

Oxaliplatin-d10	Isotope-Labeled Compounds	Cancer
Oxaliplatin-d₁₀ is a deuterium labeled Oxaliplatin (HY-17371). Oxaliplatin is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Oxaliplatin causes DNA crosslinking damage, prevents DNA replication and transcription and induces apoptosis. Oxaliplatin can be used for cancer research .

HY-17371R

Oxaliplatin (Standard)	DNA/RNA Synthesis Apoptosis	Cancer
Oxaliplatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxaliplatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxaliplatin is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Oxaliplatin causes DNA crosslinking damage, prevents DNA replication and transcription and induces apoptosis. Oxaliplatin can be used for cancer research .

HY-121234

Botryodiplodin	Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesis	Infection
Botryodiplodin is a mycotoxin isolated from Penicillium roqueforti. Botryodiplodin inhibits the growth of some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and can also induce DNA-protein cross-links in mammalian cells, inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein .

HY-13543

Tretazicar CB 1954	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
Tretazicar (CB 1954), an antitumor proagent, is highly selective against the Walker 256 rat tumour line. Tretazicar is enzymatically activated to generate a bifunctional agent, which can form DNA-DNA interstrand cross-links. Tretazicar in rat cells involves the reduction of its 4-nitro group to a 4-hydroxylamine by the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) .

HY-117433

4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide 5 Publications Verification	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species Drug Metabolite	Inflammation/Immunology
4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide is the active metabolite form of the precursor Cyclophosphamide. 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide cross-links *DNA* to induce T cell apoptosis independent of caspase receptor activation, and can activate the mitochondrial death pathway by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide can be used in the study of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases .

HY-B1157R

Trioxsalen (Standard)	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Inflammation/Immunology
Trioxsalen (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trioxsalen. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trioxsalen (Trisoralen), a psoralen derivative, is a photochemical DNA crosslinker. Trioxsalen only works after photoactivation with near ultraviolet light. Trioxsalen is a photosensitizer that can be used for the research of vitiligo and hand eczema. Trioxsalen is used for visualization of genomic interstrand cross-links localized by laser photoactivation .

HY-139621

Colibactin 742	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
Colibactin 742, a stable colibactin derivative, induces *DNA* interstrand-cross-links, activation of the Fanconi Anemia DNA repair pathway, and G2/M arrest.

HY-13567S

Bendamustine-d4 SDX-105-d₄ free base	Isotope-Labeled Compounds DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
Bendamustine-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Bendamustine. Bendamustine is a DNA cross-linking agent that causes DNA breaks, with alkylating and antimetabolite properties.

HY-13703A

Nimustine hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification ACNU	DNA/RNA Synthesis DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Cancer
Nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) is a DNA cross-linking and DNA alkylating agent, which induces DNA replication blocking lesions and DNA double-strand breaks and inhibits DNA synthesis, commonly used in chemotherapy for glioblastomas .

HY-14573

SJG-136 2 Publications Verification NSC-694501	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker ADC Cytotoxin	Cancer
SJG-136 is a **DNA cross-linking agent, with an XL₅₀** of 45 nM for pBR322 DNA. SJG-136 has potent antitumor activity.

HY-111397

Bizelesin NSC 615291; U-77779	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
Bizelesin (NSC 615291; U-77779) is an AT-specific DNA alkylating agent that can generate DNA interstrand crosslinks, effectively inhibit DNA replication, and has potential anticancer activity .

HY-17394

Cisplatin Maximum Cited Publications 464 Publications Verification cis-Platinum; CDDP; cis-Diaminodichloroplatinum	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Ferroptosis Autophagy Pyroptosis Lipoxygenase	Cancer
Cisplatin (CDDP) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy agent by cross-linking with *DNA* and causing DNA damage in cancer cells. Cisplatin activates ferroptosis and induces autophagy .

HY-101127

SGD-1882 PBD dimer	ADC Cytotoxin	Cancer
SGD-1882 is a cytotoxic, DNA minor-groove crosslinking agent pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, acting as the payload for ADCs.

HY-B0245

Busulfan 10+ Cited Publications	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Busulfan is a potent alkylating antineoplastic agent. Busulfan causes DNA damage by cross-linking DNAs and DNA and proteins. Busulfan inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Busulfan induces apoptosis. Busulfan is an immunosuppressive and myeloablative chemotherapeutic agent .

HY-107004A

Amotosalen hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification S-59	Others	Inflammation/Immunology
Amotosalen hydrochloride (S-59) is a light-activated, DNA-, RNA-crosslinking psoralen compound, which is used to neutralise pathogens .

HY-B0077

Bendamustine hydrochloride 4 Publications Verification SDX-105	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Cancer
Bendamustine hydrochloride (SDX-105), a purine analogue, is a **DNA cross-linking** agent. Bendamustine hydrochloride activats DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine hydrochloride has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties .

HY-107004

Amotosalen S-59 free base	Others	Inflammation/Immunology
Amotosalen (S-59 (free base)) is a light-activated, DNA and RNA-crosslinking psoralen compound, which is used to neutralise pathogens .

HY-160839

SPB-PEG4-AAD	Others	Others
SPB-PEG4-AAD (compound 6) is a BFPX probe. SPB-PEG4-AAD shows significant crosslinking of the Nkx2.5/DNA complex or p53/DNA complex while displaying little effect on the DNA alone .

HY-13567

Bendamustine 4 Publications Verification SDX-105 free base	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Cancer
Bendamustine (SDX-105 free base), a purine analogue, is a **DNA cross-linking** agent. Bendamustine activates DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties .

HY-402091

SJG-136 intermediate-1	ADC Cytotoxin	Others
SJG-136 intermediate-1 (compound 19) is an intermediate for synthesizing SJG-136. SJG-136 is a DNA cross-linking agent, with an XL₅₀ of 45 nM for pBR322 DNA .

HY-402090

SJG-136 intermediate-2	ADC Cytotoxin	Others
SJG-136 intermediate-2 (compound 141) is an intermediate for synthesizing SJG-136. SJG-136 is a DNA cross-linking agent, with an XL₅₀ of 45 nM for pBR322 DNA .

HY-B0245S

Busulfan-d8	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Busulfan-d₈ is a deuterium labeled Busulfan. Busulfan is a potent alkylating antineoplastic agent. Busulfan causes DNA damage by cross-linking DNAs and DNA and proteins. Busulfan inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Busulfan induces apoptosis. Busulfan is an immunosuppressive and myeloablative chemotherapeutic agent[1][2][3].

HY-147740

WEHI-150	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
WEHI-150 is a replica of mitoxantrone, is a portent **DNA interstrand crosslink*DNA interstrand crosslinks. Formaldehyde-activated WEHI-150 shows Concentration-dependent transcription blockages. WEHI-150 can mediate covalent adducts that are independent of interactions with the N-2 of guanine and is capable of adduct formation at novel DNA* sequences .

HY-101162

SGD-1910	Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC	Cancer
SGD-1910 is a *agent-linker* conjugate for ADC** by using the antitumor antibiotic, pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD, a cytotoxic DNA crosslinking), linked via the cleavable linker MC-Val-Ala .

HY-101161

SG3199 2 Publications Verification	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker ADC Cytotoxin	Cancer
SG3199 is a cytotoxic DNA minor groove interstrand crosslinking pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer. SG3199 is the released warhead component of the ADC payload Tesirine (SG3249) .

HY-B0077S1

Bendamustine-d8 hydrochloride SDX-105-d₈	Isotope-Labeled Compounds DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Cancer
Bendamustine-d₈ (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Bendamustine (hydrochloride). Bendamustine hydrochloride (SDX-105), a purine analogue, is a DNA cross-linking agent. Bendamustine hydrochloride activats DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine hydrochloride has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties[1].

HY-114577

Palifosfamide tromethamine Isophosphoramide mustard tromethamine; IPM tromethamine; ZIO-201 tromethamine	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
Palifosfamide (tromethamine) is a synthetic alkylating agent with potential antineoplastic activity. As the stabilized active metabolite of ifosfamide, palifosfamide (tromethamine) irreversibly alkylates and crosslinks DNA through GC base pairs. This leads to an inhibition of DNA replication and ultimately cell death. Compared to ifosfamide, palifosfamide (tromethamine) is less toxic.

HY-B0077R

Bendamustine hydrochloride (Standard)	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Cancer
Bendamustine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bendamustine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bendamustine hydrochloride (SDX-105), a purine analogue, is a **DNA cross-linking** agent. Bendamustine hydrochloride activats DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine hydrochloride has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties .

HY-13567S1

Bendamustine-d8 SDX-105-d₈ free base	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Apoptosis	Cancer
Bendamustine-d₈ is the deuterium labeled Bendamustine[1]. Bendamustine (SDX-105 free base), a purine analogue, is a DNA cross-linking agent. Bendamustine activates DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties[2].

HY-B0425

Novobiocin 5+ Cited Publications Albamycin; Cathomycin	Antibiotic DNA/RNA Synthesis HSP Apoptosis Bacterial Orthopoxvirus	Infection Cancer
Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity .

HY-B0425R

Novobiocin (Standard)	Antibiotic DNA/RNA Synthesis HSP Apoptosis Bacterial Orthopoxvirus	Infection Cancer
Novobiocin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Novobiocin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity [4] .

HY-117909

CEP-40125 RXDX-107	Apoptosis	Cancer
CEP-40125 (RXDX-107) is a modified form of Bendamustine (HY-13567), a DNA cross-linking agent that may cause DNA damage and cell apoptosis. CEP-40125 (RXDX-107) is formed by encapsulating the alkyl ester form of Bendamustine in human serum albumin .

HY-126539

UBE2T/FANCL-IN-1	E1/E2/E3 Enzyme	Cancer
UBE2T/FANCL-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of UBE2T/FANCL-mediated FANCD2 monoubiquitylation that sensitizes cells to the DNA cross-linking agent, Carboplatin .

HY-124325

PIP-199	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
PIP-199 is a selective inhibitor of RMI (RecQ-mediated genome instability protein) core complex/MM2 interaction, with an IC₅₀ of 36 μM. PIP-199 can be used for the research of sensitizing resistant tumors to DNA crosslinking chemotherapeutics .

HY-13550A

Ametantrone acetate NSC 196473 acetate; NSC 290813 acetate	DNA/RNA Synthesis	Cancer
Ametantrone acetate (NSC 196473 acetate) is an antineoplastic drug with topoisomerase II inhibitory activity. Ametantrone acetate causes covalent cross-linking of DNA. The pharmacokinetic profile of Ametantrone acetate has been confirmed in clinical trials, and its elimination pathway in the body indicates the existence of a major metabolic pathway .

HY-148411

Abetimus LJP 394 free base	Others	Inflammation/Immunology
Abetimus (LJP 394 free base) is an immunosuppressant consisting of four double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) oligonucleotides. Abetimus is capable of crosslinking anti-dsDNA antibodies on the surface of B cells, and decreases anti-dsDNA antibodies levels. Abetimus has the potential for research of systemic lupus erythematosus .

HY-16406

PR-104 sodium	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
PR-104 (sodium) is a selective hypoxia-activated DNA cross-linking agent and can be used for the research of multiple tumor xenograft models. PR-104 (sodium), as a nitrogen mustard pre-proagent, is converted efficiently to the more lipophilic dinitrobenzamide mustards alcohol PR-104A .

HY-16405

PR-104	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker	Cancer
PR-104 is a selective hypoxia-activated DNA cross-linking agent and can be used for the research of multiple tumor xenograft models. PR-104, as a nitrogen mustard pre-proagent, is converted efficiently to the more lipophilic dinitrobenzamide mustards alcohol PR-104A .

HY-W341499

5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine	Endogenous Metabolite	Others
5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine is a product formed when the 5-methyl group of thymine in DNA undergoes oxidation due to exposure to gamma radiation or certain chemical agents. Serving as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine is employed in investigations of DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Additionally, 5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine can be used in studies involving chemically crosslinking with peptides derived from the RecA protein .

HY-W010342

6-Aminonicotinamide 5+ Cited Publications	Others	Cancer
6-Aminonicotinamide, a potent antimetabolite of nicotinamide, is competitive NADP ⁺-dependent enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) inhibitor (K_i=0.46 μM). 6-Aminonicotinamide resultis ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy agents, such as Cisplatin, in killing cancer cells .

HY-14572

PR-104A SN 27858	DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker Drug Metabolite	Cancer
PR-104A (SN 27858) is the alcohol metabolite of phosphate proagent PR-104. PR-104A is a hypoxia-selective DNA cross-linking agent/DNA-damaging agent and cytotoxin. Antitumor Activity . PR-104A is metabolized under hypoxia by the 1-electron NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. PR-104A can be used for the research of relapsed/refractory T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) .

HY-W781133

cDPCP cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N1-pyridine)Cl]Cl	Others	Cancer
cDPCP (cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N1-pyridine)Cl]Cl) is a DNA crosslinking agent and also a substrate for OCT1 and OCT2. DPCP exhibits anticancer activity and can improve the survival rate of sarcoma-180 mice. cDPCP is suitable for the research of colorectal cancer and cancers with appropriate cation transporters .

HY-122144

α-Triglycidyl isocyanurate Teroxirone	Others	Cancer
α-Triglycidyl isocyanurate (Teroxirone) is an antitumor compound with activity to inhibit DNA replication. α-Triglycidyl isocyanurate exerts its anticancer effect by alkylating and cross-linking DNA. α-Triglycidyl isocyanurate is relatively stable in fresh human plasma and whole blood, showing good biocompatibility. The metabolism of α-Triglycidyl isocyanurate mainly occurs in rat liver and is metabolized through an NADPH-independent pathway. The cytotoxicity of α-Triglycidyl isocyanurate can be partially restored under specific conditions, suggesting the complexity of its metabolic pathway .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-D2353

Biotin-PEG3-benzophenone

Dyes

Biotin-PEG3-benzophenone is biotin-labeled Benzophenone (HY-Y0546). Benzophenone is an endogenous metabolite and a photosensitizer that has been implicated in photosensitive damage to DNA. Benzophenone causes nucleobase oxidation, formation of cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers, single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links or abasic sites, different pathologies that may occur in nucleosides, oligonucleotides or DNA .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-P3350

LS-BF1	Bacterial	Infection
LS-BF1 is a stable and low toxic cationic antimicrobial peptide. LS-BF1 displays broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, including the challenging ESKAPE pathogens, by cell membrane disruptive mechanism. LS-BF1 shows good in vivo efficacy for elimination of bacteria in a mouse infection model[1].

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-B0425A

Novobiocin sodium 5+ Cited Publications Albamycin sodium; Cathomycin sodium	Structural Classification Microorganisms Anti-inflammation/Immunoregulatory Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Source classification Antiviral Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics Cancer	Bacterial Antibiotic Orthopoxvirus Apoptosis DNA/RNA Synthesis HSP
Novobiocin (Albamycin) sodium is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin sodium also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin sodium has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin sodium shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity .

HY-B0425AR

Novobiocin sodium (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Anti-inflammation/Immunoregulatory Antibiotics Source classification Antiviral Antibacterial Disease Research Other Antibiotics	Bacterial Antibiotic Orthopoxvirus Apoptosis DNA/RNA Synthesis HSP
Novobiocin (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Novobiocin (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Novobiocin (Albamycin) sodium is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin sodium also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin sodium has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin sodium shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-B0245S

Busulfan-d8
Busulfan-d₈ is a deuterium labeled Busulfan. Busulfan is a potent alkylating antineoplastic agent. Busulfan causes DNA damage by cross-linking DNAs and DNA and proteins. Busulfan inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Busulfan induces apoptosis. Busulfan is an immunosuppressive and myeloablative chemotherapeutic agent[1][2][3].

HY-117433S

4-Hydroperoxy Cyclophosphamide-d4

4-Hydroperoxy Cyclophosphamide-d₄ is the deuterium labeled 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide. 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide is the active metabolite form of the proagent Cyclophosphamide. 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide crosslinks DNA and induces T cell apoptosis independent of death receptor activation, but activates mitochondrial death pathways through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide has the potential for lymphomas and autoimmune disorders[1][2].