2. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease PI3K/Akt/mTOR Epigenetics Stem Cell/Wnt TGF-beta/Smad
  3. Endogenous Metabolite AMPK PKA
  4. Isovaleric acid

Isovaleric acid is an oral active short-chain fatty acid that inhibits osteoclast differentiation by stimulating AMPK phosphorylation and promotes colonic smooth muscle relaxation by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. Isovaleric acid can be used in research on skeletal diseases (such as osteoporosis) and intestinal disorders.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Isovaleric acid Chemical Structure

Isovaleric acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 503-74-2

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Liquid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Isovaleric acid:

Isovaleric acid Related Antibodies

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  • Biological Activity

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  • Customer Review

Description

Isovaleric acid is an oral active short-chain fatty acid that inhibits osteoclast differentiation by stimulating AMPK phosphorylation and promotes colonic smooth muscle relaxation by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. Isovaleric acid can be used in research on skeletal diseases (such as osteoporosis) and intestinal disorders[1][2][3][4].

IC50 & Target

Microbial Metabolite

 

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

In Vitro

Isovaleric acid (5.0 mM, 1 h) reduces Na+, K+-ATPase activity in synaptic membranes from cerebral cortex of Wistar rats (40 days old)[2].
Isovaleric acid (200 μM, 5 days) inhibits RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand)-induced osteoclast (OC) differentiation by promoting AMPK phosphorylation[3].
Isovaleric acid (200 μM, 3 days) has an inhibitory effect on the expression of osteoclast (OC)-related genes[3].
Isovaleric acid (1-100 μM, 1 or 5 min) alleviates acetylcholine-induced colonic smooth muscle contraction by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Isovaleric acid Related Antibodies

Western Blot Analysis[3]

Cell Line: RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand) -induced multinucleated osteoclasts (OCs) (Derived from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs))
Concentration: 200 μM
Incubation Time: 3 or 5 days
Result: Inhibited the protein expression of OC-related protein such as RANK, TRAF6, NFATc1 and c-fos.
Upregulated the expression of phosphorylated AMPK.

Real Time qPCR[3]

Cell Line: RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand) -induced multinucleated osteoclasts (OCs) (Derived from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs))
Concentration: 200 μM
Incubation Time: 3 days
Result: Significantly decreased the expression of OC-related genes including RANK, Blimp1, TRAF6, c-fos and NFATc1.
Downregulated the expression of fusogenic genes including OC-STAMP, DC-STAMP and Atp6v0d2.
In Vivo

Isovaleric acid (administered via drinking water at 75 or 150 mM, once daily for 32 days) ameliorates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in an ovariectomized mouse model by inhibiting osteoclast (OC) differentiation[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis C57BL/6 mice model (8 weeks old)[3]
Dosage: 75 or 150 mM
Administration: Oral gavage (p.o.) (Isovaleric acid was added to drinking water), once daily for 32 days
Result: Reduced weight gain in Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis C57BL/6 mice, enhanced the expression of OC-related genes, including NFATc1, Ctsk, and TRAP, and decreased the pore area in bone tissue.
Molecular Weight

102.13

Formula

C5H10O2
CAS No.
Appearance

Liquid (Density: 0.926 g/cm3)

Color

Colorless to light yellow

SMILES

CC(C)CC(O)=O
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

H2O : 100 mg/mL (979.14 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (979.14 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 9.7914 mL 48.9572 mL 97.9144 mL
5 mM 1.9583 mL 9.7914 mL 19.5829 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
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Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

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C2

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.48 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.48 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 100 mg/mL (979.14 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: ≥98.0%

COA (244 KB) HNMR (80 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
H2O / DMSO 1 mM 9.7914 mL 48.9572 mL 97.9144 mL 244.7861 mL
5 mM 1.9583 mL 9.7914 mL 19.5829 mL 48.9572 mL
10 mM 0.9791 mL 4.8957 mL 9.7914 mL 24.4786 mL
15 mM 0.6528 mL 3.2638 mL 6.5276 mL 16.3191 mL
20 mM 0.4896 mL 2.4479 mL 4.8957 mL 12.2393 mL
25 mM 0.3917 mL 1.9583 mL 3.9166 mL 9.7914 mL
30 mM 0.3264 mL 1.6319 mL 3.2638 mL 8.1595 mL
40 mM 0.2448 mL 1.2239 mL 2.4479 mL 6.1197 mL
50 mM 0.1958 mL 0.9791 mL 1.9583 mL 4.8957 mL
60 mM 0.1632 mL 0.8160 mL 1.6319 mL 4.0798 mL
80 mM 0.1224 mL 0.6120 mL 1.2239 mL 3.0598 mL
100 mM 0.0979 mL 0.4896 mL 0.9791 mL 2.4479 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Isovaleric acid Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Isovaleric acid503-74-2Endogenous MetaboliteAMPKPKAAMP-activated protein kinaseProtein kinase AMultinucleated osteoclastsOvariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis C57BL/6 mice model,Inhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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