2. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Autophagy PI3K/Akt/mTOR Immunology/Inflammation
  3. Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy mTOR SOD
  4. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid  (Synonyms: α-Ketoisocaproic acid)

Cat. No.: HY-W012722 Purity: 98.49%
SDS COA Handling Instructions Technical Support

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of L-leucine and is involved in energy metabolism. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and insulin resistance by impairing mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid also causes oxidative damage, leading to cognitive deficits, inhibits α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity, acts as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler and metabolic inhibitor. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid acts as a nutrient signal and stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid can be used in the study of maple syrup urine disease.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Chemical Structure

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 816-66-0

Size Price Stock Quantity
Liquid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO In-stock
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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid:

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Related Antibodies

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1 Publications Citing Use of MCE 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid

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Description

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of L-leucine and is involved in energy metabolism. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and insulin resistance by impairing mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid also causes oxidative damage, leading to cognitive deficits, inhibits α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity, acts as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler and metabolic inhibitor. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid acts as a nutrient signal and stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid can be used in the study of maple syrup urine disease[1][2][3][4][5].

IC50 & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

In Vitro

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (0-300 μM; 2 d) promotes lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Related Antibodies

Western Blot Analysis [2]

Cell Line: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
Concentration: 100 and 300 µM
Incubation Time: 2 days
Result: Increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, such as phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and CHOP.
Increased mTOR phosphorylation and decreased autophagy markers, such as LC3 conversion and degradation of p62.
In Vivo

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (4 mol/L; ICV; 1 h and 15 d) causes impairment of habitual memory and long-term memory in rats[3].
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (400 μmol/kg/h; carotid arch injection; single dose injection 60 min) increases porcine skeletal muscle protein synthesis and plasma leucine levels[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Thirty-day-old rats were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (HY-B0443)[3]
Dosage: 4 mol/L, Administer 2 μL
Administration: Intracerebroventricular injection (ICV); 1 h and 15 days
Result: Increased TBARS levels, protein carbonyl content and DNA damage in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex.
SOD activity in the hippocampus and striatum increased 1 hour after injection, and SOD activity in the striatum decreased 15 days later.
Animal Model: Piglets were deprived of feed for 12-14 hours before infusion[4]
Dosage: 400 μmol/kg
Administration: Inject into the aortic arch; the initial injection dose is 148 μmol/kg in the first 10 minutes, and the continuous infusion dose is 400 μmol/kg
Result: Increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) and eIF4G in skeletal muscle and increased the formation of active eIF4G×eIF4E complexes.
Molecular Weight

130.14

Formula

C6H10O3
CAS No.
Appearance

Liquid (Density: 1.055 g/cm3)

Color

Colorless to light yellow

SMILES

CC(C)CC(C(O)=O)=O
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, protect from light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (768.40 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : 100 mg/mL (768.40 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 7.6840 mL 38.4202 mL 76.8403 mL
5 mM 1.5368 mL 7.6840 mL 15.3681 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
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Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

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C2

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.21 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.21 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 100 mg/mL (768.40 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.51%

SDS (476 KB)

COA (244 KB) HNMR (238 KB) LCMS (87 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO / H2O 1 mM 7.6840 mL 38.4202 mL 76.8403 mL 192.1008 mL
5 mM 1.5368 mL 7.6840 mL 15.3681 mL 38.4202 mL
10 mM 0.7684 mL 3.8420 mL 7.6840 mL 19.2101 mL
15 mM 0.5123 mL 2.5613 mL 5.1227 mL 12.8067 mL
20 mM 0.3842 mL 1.9210 mL 3.8420 mL 9.6050 mL
25 mM 0.3074 mL 1.5368 mL 3.0736 mL 7.6840 mL
30 mM 0.2561 mL 1.2807 mL 2.5613 mL 6.4034 mL
40 mM 0.1921 mL 0.9605 mL 1.9210 mL 4.8025 mL
50 mM 0.1537 mL 0.7684 mL 1.5368 mL 3.8420 mL
60 mM 0.1281 mL 0.6403 mL 1.2807 mL 3.2017 mL
80 mM 0.0961 mL 0.4803 mL 0.9605 mL 2.4013 mL
100 mM 0.0768 mL 0.3842 mL 0.7684 mL 1.9210 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid816-66-0α-Ketoisocaproic acidEndogenous MetaboliteAutophagymTORSODMammalian target of RapamycinSuperoxide DismutaseInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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