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N-Aminofluorescein is a fluorescein hydrazide with spiro form, a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence probe for Cu 2+. N-Aminofluorescein has no selective fluorescence response to other common metal ions, can be used for direct detection of Cu 2+ in biological systems with λex/em=495/516 nm [2].
Fructosamine (D-Isoglucosamine) hydrochloride is a metabolic intermediate and component of cell membranes and cartilage. Fructosamine hydrochloride induces site-specific breaks in DNA chains, especially in the presence of Cu 2+ .
AChE-IN-6 (Compound 12a) is an optimal multifunctional ligand with significant inhibition of AChE (EeAChE, IC50 = 0.20 μM; HuAChE, IC50 = 37.02 nM) and anti-Aβ activity (IC50 = 1.92 μM for self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation; IC50 = 1.80 μM for disaggregation of Aβ1-42 fibrils; IC50 = 2.18 μM for Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation; IC50 = 1.17 μM for disaggregation of Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 fibrils). AChE-IN-6 has the potential for the research of Alzheimer's disease .
(±)13-HODE cholesteryl ester is originally extracted from atherosclerotic lesions1 and shown to be produced by Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of LDL. Later studies determined that 15-LO from rabbit reticulocytes and human monocytes were able to metabolize cholesteryl linoleate, a major component of LDL, to 13-HODE cholesteryl ester.
(±)9-HODE cholesteryl ester is originally extracted from atherosclerotic lesions1 and shown to be produced by Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of LDL.2 Later studies determined that 15-LO from rabbit reticulocytes and human monocytes were able to metabolize cholesteryl linoleate, a major component of LDL, to 9-HODE cholesteryl ester.
BMVC4 is a G-quadruplex (G4) stabilizer of the human telomeric sequence d[AG3(T2AG3)3]. Screening by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that BMVC4 is more suitable as the core molecule of G4 stabilizers than BMVC. The results showed that BMVC4-12C and BMVC4-8C3O are better candidates for G4 stabilizers and are worthy of further study. A simple and rapid screening method based on Cu2+-induced G4 unfolding can be used to find better G4 stabilizers for potential anticancer applications. CD results showed that the trivalent cations of 9-substituted BMVC derivatives are more suitable as G4 stabilizers than the divalent cations of BMVC. In addition, by monitoring the disappearance of the 291 nm CD band of human telomeres after Cu2+ addition, it was found that the core molecule of G4 stabilizer BMVC4 has better stability.
AChE/BuChE-IN-1 (Compound 1), a chrysin derivative, is a selective butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.48 μM. AChE/BuChE-IN-1 inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 7.16 μM. AChE/BuChE-IN-1 shows strong scavenging ·OH activities with a IC50 of 0.1674 μM. AChE/BuChE-IN-1 inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS), Aβ1-42 aggregation (self-, Cu2+-induced, AChE-induced). AChE/BuChE-IN-1 has high BBB permeability and bioavailability and low cell toxicity. AChE/BuChE-IN-1 has the potential for Alzheimer' disease (AD) research .
[Cu2Cl2(4'-(4-Methoxy-1-naphthyl)-terpy)2](PF6)2 (Compound 3) is a copper complex, which inhibits cell viability of HCT116, HCT116DoxR, A2780 and fibroblasts, with IC50s of 0.13, 0.15, 0.66 and 6.24 μM, respectively. [Cu2Cl2(4'-(4-Methoxy-1-naphthyl)-terpy)2](PF6)2 induces apoptosis and autophagy, and arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase in HCT116DoxR. [Cu2Cl2(4'-(4-Methoxy-1-naphthyl)-terpy)2](PF6)2 exhibits antimetastatic efficacy .
Chitotriose trihydrochloride is an orally active chitooligosaccharide with antioxidant activities. Chitotriose trihydrochloride inhibits hydroxylation of benzoate to salicylate by H2O2 in the presence of Cu 2+ (IC50 value of 80 μM) .
Fmoc-Lys(5-FITC)-OH is a marker for polypeptides or proteins. FITC is a fluorescence probe for the labeling of amines. FITC is a pH- and Cu 2+-sensitive fluorescence dye [2] .
ATN-224 is an orally active Cu 2+/Zn2+-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) inhibitor. ATN-224 inhibits SOD1 activity in endothelial cells, an effect that is dose dependent with an IC50 of 17.5 nM.
o-Pah is a BODIPY derivative with an -NH2 and -OH substituted meso-Ph group. o-Pah exhibits metal-induced J-aggregation in the presence of Cu 2+ and a specific fluorescence enhancement for Hg 2+ (Ex/Em=483/(495-600) nM) .
ROS151 is an AChE inhibitor, with IC50s of 14 nM (hAChE), 1.68 μM (eqBChE), 8.17 μM (hFAAH) respectively. ROS151 is also a chelator of Fe 3+ and Cu 2+. ROS151 can be used for research of Alzheimer's disease .
Ditiocarb sodium (Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate) is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Ditiocarb sodium can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate (Ditiocarb sodium) trihydrate is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate trihydrate can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate,98% (Ditiocarb sodium,98%) is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
H3R antagonist 4 (compound 11L) was a dual inhibitor of cholinesterase and histamine receptor (H3R), with corresponding IC50 of 7.04 μM (eeAChE), 9.73 μM (hAChE)(reversible) and 1.09 nM (H3R) , respectively. H3R antagonist 4 inhibited the aggregation of Aβ1-42 induced by itself and Cu 2+ (95.48% and 88.63%) , and degraded the Aβ1-42 fibrils induced by itself and Cu 2+ (80.16% and 89.30%) . H3R antagonist 4 chelate biometals such as Cu 2+, Zn 2+, Al 3+, and Fe 2+. H3R antagonist 4 significantly reduced tau protein hyperphosphorylation induced by Aβ1-42 and inhibited RSL-3-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis in PC12 cells. H3R antagonist 4 had the best blood-brain barrier permeability and intestinal absorption in hCMEC/D3 and hPepT1-MDCK cells.H3R antagonist 4 ameliorates learning and memory impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease induced by scopolamine (HY-N0296) .
Ditiocarb-d10 sodium (Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate-d10) is the deuterium labeled Ditiocarb sodium. Ditiocarb sodium is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Ditiocarb sodium can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate trihydrate, ACS, 99.0% (Ditiocarb sodium trihydrate, ACS, 99.0%) is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate trihydrate, ACS, 99.0% can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
BuChE-IN-2 is an excellent butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitor (IC50s of 1.28 μM and 0.67 μM for BuChE and NO). BuChE-IN-2 can inhibit the aggregation of Aβ, ROS formation and chelate Cu 2+, exhibiting proper blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. BuChE-IN-2 has potential to research Alzheimer’s disease .
Cu(II)-Elesclomol is a Cu 2+ complex of Elesclomol (HY-12040). Cu(II)-Elesclomol induces cuproptosis. Cu(II)-Elesclomol also inducesapoptosis, causes a G1 cell cycle block and induces DNA double strand breaks in K562 cells. Cu(II)-Elesclomol also weakly inhibits DNA topoisomerase I. Cu(II)-Elesclomol has anticancer activity .
SMase-IN-1 (Compound 4) is a bacterial sphingomyelinase enzyme (SMase) inhibitor (IC50 value for B. cereus SMase is 6.43 µM). SMase-IN-1 also inhibits eqBuChE (59.50% inhibition rate at 50 µM concentration). SMase-IN-1 forms a complex with Cu 2+ in biometal interactions. SMase-IN-1 reduces B. cereus-induced hemolysis on sheep erythrocytes .
Cryptand 2.2.2 is a metal ion chelating agent that can selectively form complexes with metal ions. At room temperature, Cryptand 2.2.2 can serve as a host molecule, using the chelation effect to selectively bind desired ions (such as Zn 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+). Cryptand 2.2.2 can be used in the preparation of nanoparticles, transition metal compounds, and so on .
Neuroprotective Agent 6 (Compound Y12) is a neuroprotective agent with antioxidant activity and capabilities in DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging. Neuroprotective Agent 6 demonstrates superior neuroprotective effects in both cellular models induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and animal models induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Additionally, Neuroprotective Agent 6 exhibits significant metal chelating activity towards Cu 2+ .
Tropolone is a seven-membered non-benzenoid aromatic compound, which is the precursor of many Azulene derivatives. Tropolone is a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.4 μM. Its inhibitory effect can be achieved by dialysis or excess CU 2+ Reversa. Tropolone exhibits broad anti-viral and anti-fungal activity and is synergistic upon co-treatment with nucleos(t)ide analog drugs. Tropolone is a promising candidate for research in osteosarcoma [2] .
Disulfiram (Tetraethylthiuram disulfide) is a specific inhibitor of aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH1), used for the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Disulfiram inhibits gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore formation in liposomes and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in human and mouse cells. Disulfiram, a copper ion carrier, with Cu 2+ increases intracellular ROS levels and induces cuproptosis [2] .
Disulfiram (Standard) is the analytical standard of Disulfiram. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Disulfiram (Tetraethylthiuram disulfide) is a specific inhibitor of aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH1), used for the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Disulfiram inhibits gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore formation in liposomes and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in human and mouse cells. Disulfiram + Cu 2+ increases intracellular ROS levels triggering apoptosis of ovarian cancer stem cells [1-6].
HDAC6-IN-37 (compound W5) is an inhibitor of HDAC6 and has neuroprotective effects. HDAC6-IN-37 can restore the morphology of hippocampal neurons, reduce the expression of Aβ, Tau, and p-Tau proteins in the hippocampus of AD rats, and inhibit the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Thus, HDAC6-IN-37 improves the Aβ/Cu 2+-induced AD model in rats, regulates oxidative stress status, and balances neurotransmitter disorders in brain tissue .
hAChE-IN-10 (Compound ET11) is the inhibitor for human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 6.34 nM. hAChE-IN-10 scavenges free radicals, and exhibits antioxidant activity. hAChE-IN-10 exhibits metal chelating activity, inhibits Cu 2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation, reduces the formation of amyloid plaques, and exhibits neuroprotective activity. hAChE-IN-10 ameliorates the Scopolamine (HY-N0296)-induced cognitive impairment in mouse models .
BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 (compound 29a) is a dual inhibitor of BChE and HDAC6 with IC50s of 1.8 nM and 71.0 nM, respectively. BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 has prominently neuroprotective effects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity. BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 is also an effective chelator of metal ion (Fe 2+ and Cu 2+).BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 inhibits phosphorylation of tau, and exhibits moderate immunomodulatory effect.
Cryptand 2.2.2 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cryptand 2.2.2 (HY-W011060). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cryptand 2.2.2 is a metal ion chelating agent that can selectively form complexes with metal ions. At room temperature, Cryptand 2.2.2 can serve as a host molecule, using the chelation effect to selectively bind desired ions (such as Zn 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+). Cryptand 2.2.2 can be used in the preparation of nanoparticles, transition metal compounds, and so on .
AChE-IN-12 is a potent and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50s of 0.41 μM and 1.88 μM for rat AChE and electric eel AChE. AChE-IN-12 is also a good antioxidant (ORAC = 3.3 eq), selective metal chelator and huMAO-B inhibitor (IC50 = 8.8 μM). AChE-IN-12 has remarkable inhibition of self- and Cu 2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation, as well as exhibits a good neuroprotective effect. AChE-IN-12 can be used for researching Alzheimer’s disease .
D-Histidine is an anti-biofilm agent that targets bacterial quorum sensing systems (such as RhlI/RhlR pathway) and has antibacterial activity. D-Histidine works by non-covalently binding to bacterial regulatory factors or copper ion complexes, selectively inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and motility. D-Histidine downregulates quorum sensing-related gene expression, reduces the synthesis of virulence factors (such as alginate and proteases), and interferes with bacterial membrane stability, inhibiting biofilm formation, promoting the disintegration of mature biofilms, and enhancing antibiotic sensitivity. D-Histidine is also an efficient catalyst for the salt-induced peptide formation (SIPF) reaction, which promotes the condensation of amino acids to form dipeptides (such as dialanine and dilysine) by forming a complex with copper ions (Cu 2+)[2] .
D-Histidine (Standard) is the analytical standard of D-Histidine (HY-W012572). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D-Histidine is an anti-biofilm agent that targets bacterial quorum sensing systems (such as RhlI/RhlR pathway) and has antibacterial activity. D-Histidine works by non-covalently binding to bacterial regulatory factors or copper ion complexes, selectively inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and motility. D-Histidine downregulates quorum sensing-related gene expression, reduces the synthesis of virulence factors (such as alginate and proteases), and interferes with bacterial membrane stability, inhibiting biofilm formation, promoting the disintegration of mature biofilms, and enhancing antibiotic sensitivity. D-Histidine is also an efficient catalyst for the salt-induced peptide formation (SIPF) reaction, which promotes the condensation of amino acids to form dipeptides (such as dialanine and dilysine) by forming a complex with copper ions (Cu 2+)[2] .
N-Aminofluorescein is a fluorescein hydrazide with spiro form, a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence probe for Cu 2+. N-Aminofluorescein has no selective fluorescence response to other common metal ions, can be used for direct detection of Cu 2+ in biological systems with λex/em=495/516 nm [2].
o-Pah is a BODIPY derivative with an -NH2 and -OH substituted meso-Ph group. o-Pah exhibits metal-induced J-aggregation in the presence of Cu 2+ and a specific fluorescence enhancement for Hg 2+ (Ex/Em=483/(495-600) nM) .
Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate (Ditiocarb sodium) trihydrate is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate trihydrate can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
Cryptand 2.2.2 is a metal ion chelating agent that can selectively form complexes with metal ions. At room temperature, Cryptand 2.2.2 can serve as a host molecule, using the chelation effect to selectively bind desired ions (such as Zn 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+). Cryptand 2.2.2 can be used in the preparation of nanoparticles, transition metal compounds, and so on .
Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate trihydrate, ACS, 99.0% (Ditiocarb sodium trihydrate, ACS, 99.0%) is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Sodium diethylcarbamodithioate trihydrate, ACS, 99.0% can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
Cryptand 2.2.2 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cryptand 2.2.2 (HY-W011060). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cryptand 2.2.2 is a metal ion chelating agent that can selectively form complexes with metal ions. At room temperature, Cryptand 2.2.2 can serve as a host molecule, using the chelation effect to selectively bind desired ions (such as Zn 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+). Cryptand 2.2.2 can be used in the preparation of nanoparticles, transition metal compounds, and so on .
Glycylhistidylglycine is composed of two glycines and one histidine, which can detect and remove the concentration of Cu2+ ions in wastewater by forming a tripeptide complex with copper and nickel ions.
LGLLLRHLRHHSNLLANI (B18) is an 18 amino acid peptide. LGLLLRHLRHHSNLLANI derives from the membrane-associated protein binding. LGLLLRHLRHHSNLLANI shows a high affinity for Cu 2+ ions .
Tropolone is a seven-membered non-benzenoid aromatic compound, which is the precursor of many Azulene derivatives. Tropolone is a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.4 μM. Its inhibitory effect can be achieved by dialysis or excess CU 2+ Reversa. Tropolone exhibits broad anti-viral and anti-fungal activity and is synergistic upon co-treatment with nucleos(t)ide analog drugs. Tropolone is a promising candidate for research in osteosarcoma [2] .
D-Histidine is an anti-biofilm agent that targets bacterial quorum sensing systems (such as RhlI/RhlR pathway) and has antibacterial activity. D-Histidine works by non-covalently binding to bacterial regulatory factors or copper ion complexes, selectively inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and motility. D-Histidine downregulates quorum sensing-related gene expression, reduces the synthesis of virulence factors (such as alginate and proteases), and interferes with bacterial membrane stability, inhibiting biofilm formation, promoting the disintegration of mature biofilms, and enhancing antibiotic sensitivity. D-Histidine is also an efficient catalyst for the salt-induced peptide formation (SIPF) reaction, which promotes the condensation of amino acids to form dipeptides (such as dialanine and dilysine) by forming a complex with copper ions (Cu 2+)[2] .
Chitotriose trihydrochloride is an orally active chitooligosaccharide with antioxidant activities. Chitotriose trihydrochloride inhibits hydroxylation of benzoate to salicylate by H2O2 in the presence of Cu 2+ (IC50 value of 80 μM) .
D-Histidine (Standard) is the analytical standard of D-Histidine (HY-W012572). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D-Histidine is an anti-biofilm agent that targets bacterial quorum sensing systems (such as RhlI/RhlR pathway) and has antibacterial activity. D-Histidine works by non-covalently binding to bacterial regulatory factors or copper ion complexes, selectively inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and motility. D-Histidine downregulates quorum sensing-related gene expression, reduces the synthesis of virulence factors (such as alginate and proteases), and interferes with bacterial membrane stability, inhibiting biofilm formation, promoting the disintegration of mature biofilms, and enhancing antibiotic sensitivity. D-Histidine is also an efficient catalyst for the salt-induced peptide formation (SIPF) reaction, which promotes the condensation of amino acids to form dipeptides (such as dialanine and dilysine) by forming a complex with copper ions (Cu 2+)[2] .
Ditiocarb-d10 sodium (Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate-d10) is the deuterium labeled Ditiocarb sodium. Ditiocarb sodium is a copper reagent. The reaction with Cu 2+ solution resulted in the formation of a complex, which increased the copper displacement precipitation rate. Ditiocarb sodium can reduce HIV infection and can be used in adjuvant immune research of high-risk breast cancer [2] .
ox-LDL: LDL (Copper oxidized); Cu2SO4 oxidized low density lipoprotein; oxidized low density lipoprotein; Low density lipoprotein; MDA oxidized LDL; MDA oxidized low density lipoprotein. 氧化型低密度脂蛋白；
ELISA, IHC-P, IHC-F, FC, ICC/IF
Human
ox-LDL Antibody is an unconjugated, approximately 31 kDa, rabbit-derived, anti-ox-LDL polyclonal antibody. ox-LDL Antibody can be used for: ELISA, IHC-P, IHC-F, Flow-Cyt, IF expriments in human, background without labeling.
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