Dehydroabietic acid

Name: Dehydroabietic acid
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-N6869
Rating: 4.5 (1 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-N6869 Purity: 99.75%: FAQs
Data Sheet SDS COA Handling Instructions

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Dehydroabietic acid is a diterpene resin acid that can be isolated from Pinus and Picea. Dehydroabietic acid has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Dehydroabietic acid is a dual PPAR-α/γ agonist and PPAR-γ partial agonist, which can attenuate insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis induced by HFD-consumption in mice.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Dehydroabietic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 1740-19-8

Size	Price	Stock	Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	USD 77	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	USD 77	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solid
5 mg	USD 70	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
10 mg	USD 120	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
20 mg	USD 200	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
50 mg		Get quote
100 mg		Get quote

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Customer Review

Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Dehydroabietic acid:

Dehydroabietic acid (Standard) Get quote

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Biological Activity
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
5637	IC₅₀	27.59 μM Compound: 1, DHAA	Cytotoxicity against human 5637 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human 5637 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23707051]
A549	IC₅₀	> 10 μM Compound: 19	Cytotoxicity in human A549 cells by SRB assay Cytotoxicity in human A549 cells by SRB assay	[PMID: 26812172]
A549	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 1; DHA	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37122546]
A549	IC₅₀	55.65 μM Compound: DHAA	Cytotoxic activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26706349]
A549	IC₅₀	74.33 μM Compound: 5	Cytotoxic activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxic activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 28011223]
A549	IC₅₀	79.46 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 24095745]
A549	IC₅₀	79.46 μM Compound: 4, DHA	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23988357]
BEL-7404 tumor cell line	IC₅₀	28.72 μM Compound: DHAA	Cytotoxic activity against human Bel7404 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity against human Bel7404 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26706349]
BEL-7404 tumor cell line	IC₅₀	34.7 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human Bel7404 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Bel7404 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24565905]
EJ	IC₅₀	25.12 μM Compound: 1, DHAA	Cytotoxicity against human EJ cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human EJ cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23707051]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	> 10 μM Compound: 19	Cytotoxicity in human HCT116 cells by SRB assay Cytotoxicity in human HCT116 cells by SRB assay	[PMID: 26812172]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	30.25 μM Compound: DHAA	Cytotoxic activity against human HCT116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity against human HCT116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26706349]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	35.24 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24565905]
HeLa	IC₅₀	101 μg/mL Compound: 4, dehydroabietic acid	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19892441]
HeLa	IC₅₀	28.43 μM Compound: 1, DHAA	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23707051]
HeLa	IC₅₀	29.35 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25462253]
HeLa	IC₅₀	29.35 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24565905]
HepG2	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 1; DHA	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37122546]
HepG2	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: DHAA	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28756264]
HepG2	IC₅₀	76.76 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24565905]
HepG2	IC₅₀	85 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 24095745]
HepG2	IC₅₀	85 μM Compound: 4, DHA	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23988357]
Jurkat	IC₅₀	25.51 μM Compound: 1, DHAA	Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23707051]
Jurkat	IC₅₀	28 μg/mL Compound: 4, dehydroabietic acid	Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19892441]
L02	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 1; DHA	Antiproliferative activity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37122546]
L02	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: DHAA	Cytotoxicity against human HL-7702 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL-7702 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28756264]
L6	IC₅₀	101.3 μM Compound: 1	Antiparasitic activity against amastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen C2C4 expressing LacZ gene infected in rat L6 cells after 96 hrs by photometric analysis Antiparasitic activity against amastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen C2C4 expressing LacZ gene infected in rat L6 cells after 96 hrs by photometric analysis	10.1039/C5MD00498E
L6	IC₅₀	151 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	10.1039/C5MD00498E
MCF7	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: DHAA	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28756264]
MGC-803	IC₅₀	> 100 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human MGC803 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MGC803 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25462253]
MGC-803	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 1; DHA	Antiproliferative activity against human MGC-803 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MGC-803 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37122546]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: DHAA	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28756264]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	75.05 μM Compound: DHAA	Cytotoxic activity against human NCI-H460 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity against human NCI-H460 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26706349]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	80.53 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24565905]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	84.53 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 24095745]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	84.53 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25462253]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	84.53 μM Compound: 4, DHA	Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23988357]
PC-3	IC₅₀	28.1 μM Compound: 1, DHAA	Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23707051]
PC-3	IC₅₀	51.31 μM Compound: 5	Cytotoxic activity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxic activity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 28011223]
SK-MEL-2	IC₅₀	> 10 μM Compound: 19	Cytotoxicity in human SK-MEL-2 cells by SRB assay Cytotoxicity in human SK-MEL-2 cells by SRB assay	[PMID: 26812172]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	> 10 μM Compound: 19	Cytotoxicity in human SKOV3 cells by SRB assay Cytotoxicity in human SKOV3 cells by SRB assay	[PMID: 26812172]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: DHAA	Antiproliferative activity against human SKOV3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human SKOV3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28756264]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	65.06 μM Compound: DHAA	Cytotoxic activity against human SKOV3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity against human SKOV3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26706349]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	65.96 μM Compound: 5	Cytotoxic activity against human SKOV3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by SRB assay Cytotoxic activity against human SKOV3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by SRB assay	[PMID: 28011223]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	75 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24565905]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	84 μM Compound: DHA	Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells after 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 24095745]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	84 μM Compound: 4, DHA	Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 23988357]
T-24	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 1; DHA	Antiproliferative activity against human T24 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human T24 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 37122546]
Vero	IC₅₀	20 μg/mL Compound: 5	Concentration required for 50% inhibition of herpes simplex virus 2(HSV-2) using standard plaque reduction assay in vero cells Concentration required for 50% inhibition of herpes simplex virus 2(HSV-2) using standard plaque reduction assay in vero cells	10.1016/S0960-894X(01)80236-5
Vero	IC₅₀	91 μg/mL Compound: 4, dehydroabietic acid	Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19892441]

In Vitro

Dehydroabietic acid (0-100 μM, 30 min) decreases NO production in RAW264.7 cells^[1].
Dehydroabietic acid (0-100 μM, 6 h) reduces the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells^[1].
Dehydroabietic acid (0-100 μM, 24 h) reduces the MyD88-induced NF-κB and AP-1 transcriptional activities in HEK293T cells^[1].
Dehydroabietic acid (100 μM, 24 h) inactivates both Src and Syk kinases in Src- or Syk-overexpressing HEK293T cells^[1].
Dehydroabietic acid (2.5-15 μM, 4 days) promotes 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner^[2].
Dehydroabietic acid (10 μM, 0-6 days) increases mRNA expression of PPAR-γ target genes (Glut-4 and Cyp4a10) in 3T3-L1 cells^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Western Blot Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:	AW264.7 cells
Concentration:	100 μM
Incubation Time:	5-60 min, 120-240 min
Result:	Blocked the phosphorylation of IκBα at 5 and 15 min. Reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. Reduced phosphorylated levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and MKK7 at 60 mim. Decreased the phosphorylation of MKK4 and MKK7 and their downstream protein JNK at 120 and 240 min.

In Vivo

Dehydroabietic acid (10-20 mg/kg, i.g., daily, 9 weeks) alleviates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in HFD mice^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:	HFD mice^[2]
Dosage:	10-20 mg/kg
Administration:	i.g., daily, 9 weeks
Result:	Decreased the levels of liver injury markers, ALT and AST. Decreased blood TG, TC and LDL-c levels and increased the HDL-c levels. Activated PPAR-α and its target gene which were reduced by HFD, including acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain and CPT1α. Decreased mRNA expression of inflammatory factors commonly involved in liver diseases and injury (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-1 and COX-2). Upregulated mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, Glut-4, Adipor, FSP27, ACOX-1, FABP4, Adiponectin.

Molecular Weight

300.44

Formula

C₂₀H₂₈O₂

CAS No.

1740-19-8

Appearance

Solid

Color

White to yellow

SMILES

O=C([C@]1(C)CCC[C@]2(C)C3=C(CC[C@@]12[H])C=C(C(C)C)C=C3)O

Structure Classification

Initial Source

Microorganisms

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

4°C, protect from light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (332.85 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	3.3285 mL	16.6423 mL	33.2845 mL
5 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL
10 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.5 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.5 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

DMSO +

Tween-80 +

Saline

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.

If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.75%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (275 KB) SDS (623 KB)

COA (248 KB) HNMR (240 KB) LCMS (89 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Kim E, et al. Dehydroabietic Acid Suppresses Inflammatory Response Via Suppression of Src-, Syk-, and TAK1-Mediated Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar 29;20(7):1593. [Content Brief]

[2]. Xie Z, et al. Dehydroabietic acid alleviates high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through dual activation of PPAR-γ and PPAR-α. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Jul;127:110155. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

DMSO	1 mM	3.3285 mL	16.6423 mL	33.2845 mL	83.2113 mL
	5 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL	16.6423 mL
	10 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL	8.3211 mL
	15 mM	0.2219 mL	1.1095 mL	2.2190 mL	5.5474 mL
	20 mM	0.1664 mL	0.8321 mL	1.6642 mL	4.1606 mL
	25 mM	0.1331 mL	0.6657 mL	1.3314 mL	3.3285 mL
	30 mM	0.1109 mL	0.5547 mL	1.1095 mL	2.7737 mL
	40 mM	0.0832 mL	0.4161 mL	0.8321 mL	2.0803 mL
	50 mM	0.0666 mL	0.3328 mL	0.6657 mL	1.6642 mL
	60 mM	0.0555 mL	0.2774 mL	0.5547 mL	1.3869 mL
	80 mM	0.0416 mL	0.2080 mL	0.4161 mL	1.0401 mL
	100 mM	0.0333 mL	0.1664 mL	0.3328 mL	0.8321 mL