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Bovine Serum Albumin (Low Endotoxin,Fatty acid free) (BSA) is a 583-residue protein consisting of three homologous all-α domains, organized in a heart-shaped structure. BSA is a globular protein that is used in numerous biochemical applications.
FFA3 agonist 1 is an agonist of freefatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3). FFA3 agonist 1 regulates the health effect of intestinal microbiota by activating FFA3 .
(±)-Lisofylline ((±)-Lisophylline) is the racemate of Lisofylline. Lisofylline inhibits the generation of phosphatidic acid and freefattyacids. Lisofylline also blocks the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in oxidative tissue injury, in response to cancer chemotherapy and in experimental sepsis. Lisofylline can be used for Type 1 diabetes research .
GS-9667 (CVT 3619), a novel N 6-5'-substituted adenosine analog, is a selective, partial agonist of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1AdoR). GS-9667 binds to adipocyte membranes with high (KH=14 nM) and low (KL=5.4 μM) affinities. GS-9667 reduces cyclic AMP content and release of nonesterified fattyacids from epididymal adipocytes with IC50 values of 6 nM and 44 nM, respectively. GS-9667 inhibits lipolysis and has the potential for Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and dyslipidemia via lowering of freefattyacids (FFA) .
Octadecanedioic acid, an endogenous metabolite, is a long-chain dicarboxylic acid that has been found in serum freefatty acid profile in Reye syndrome .
3-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid is a potent, orally active and selective lactate receptor GPR81 agonist, with an EC50 of 16 μM for human GPR81. 3-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid exhibits favorable in vivo effects on lipolysis in a mouse model of obesity .
(±)-Lisofylline (Standard) is the analytical standard of (±)-Lisofylline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (±)-Lisofylline ((±)-Lisophylline) is the racemate of Lisofylline. Lisofylline inhibits the generation of phosphatidic acid and freefattyacids. Lisofylline also blocks the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in oxidative tissue injury, in response to cancer chemotherapy and in experimental sepsis. Lisofylline can be used for Type 1 diabetes research .
AZ1729 is a potent freefatty acid 2 receptor (FFA2) activator, acting as a direct allosteric agonist and as a positive allosteric modulator. AZ1729 increases the activity of the endogenously produced short chain fatty acid propionate in Gi-mediated pathways, but not at those transduced by Gq/G11. AZ1729 induces inhibition of isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in mouse adipocytes. AZ1729 also can Induce migration of human neutrophils. AZ1729 can be used for researching the signaling pathways of the physiological roles of FFA2 .
Ferroheme is a complex of ferrous ions and porphyrins, which exists in tissues in free form and as a prosthetic group of many heme proteins. In addition, ferroheme is also an isosteric inhibitor of fatty acid binding to rat liver fatty acid binding protein .
cis-13,16,19-Docosatrienoic acid methyl ester is an ester form of docosatrienoic acid, a rare omega-3 fatty acid not found in the normal phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acid pool Easily detectable, it inhibits the binding of [3H]-LTB4 to porcine neutrophils at a concentration of 5 μM. Methyl docosatrienoate is more fat-soluble than the free acid and may be more desirable than the free acid in some formulations.
13Z,16Z-Docosadienoic acid, a ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, possesses anti-borreliae effect. 13Z,16Z-Docosadienoic acid, as a long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), is a freefatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4 or GPR120, a LCFA receptor) agonist .
Ethyl Tricosanoate is a long-chain saturated fatty acid ethyl ester, which exists in small amounts in C. conicum and C. conicum. Free acid reduces the hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin on human erythrocytes. Both ethyl ester and free acid can be used as standards for the analysis of lipid mixtures.
GprA is a new synthetic agonist of G-protein-coupled receptor 120/freefatty acid receptor 4 (GPR120/FFAR4), with an AC50 of 203 nM on human GPR120 full isoform. GprA can be used in the research for NAFLD .
Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively .
Grifolic acid is a phenolic compound that is first extracted from the mushroom Albatrellus confluens. Grifolic acid acts as an agonist of the freefatty acid receptor (FFAR4/GPR120) .
Nicomol is an orally active hypolipidemic agent that can increase the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Nicomol inhibits the rapid rise of plasma freefattyacids .
8(Z)-Eicosenoic acid is a cis-unsaturated freefatty acid with a 20-carbon chain. It potentiates acetylcholine (ACh) receptor channel currents without depression and enhances PCKε phosphorylation of a substrate peptide in Xenopus oocytes. 8(Z)-Eicosenoic acid constitutes 6% of the fatty acid pool in seed oil isolated from B. collina.
Acipimox (K-9321), a nicotinic acid analogue, is an antilipolytic compound. Acipimox stimulates leptin releas, inhibits lipolysis and suppresses systemic levels of freefattyacids (FFAs) and improves insulin sensitivity .
Acipimox (K-9321) sodium, a nicotinic acid analogue, is an antilipolytic compound. Acipimox sodium stimulates leptin releas, inhibits lipolysis and suppresses systemic levels of freefattyacids (FFAs) and improves insulin sensitivity .
Lauric acid- 13C is the 13C labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
MOMBA is a selective FFA2(FreeFatty Acid Receptor 2) orthosteric agonist that activates receptor signaling pathways by binding to the orthosteric site of FFA2 with high specificity. MOMBA holds potential for research on metabolic and inflammatory diseases .
Acipimox-d4 is the deuterium labeled Acipimox. Acipimox (K-9321), a nicotinic acid analogue, is an antilipolytic compound. Acipimox acutely inhibits lipolysis and suppresses systemic levels of freefattyacids (FFAs) and improves insulin sensitivity .
Lauric acid-d33 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid-d233 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
(-)-Dihydroguaiaretic acid is a Lipoxygenase inhibitor that has antioxidant activity. (-)-Dihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits the oxidation of unsaturated fattyacids and removes free radicals. (-)-Dihydroguaiaretic acid also has anticancer activity with an IC50 value of 7.49 μM (A549 cells) .
Cholesterol esterase, Schizophyllum commune is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters into free cholesterol and fattyacids, facilitating the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine.
Cholesterol esterase, Schizophyllum commune can be used in combination with cholesterol oxidase to measure cholesterol content .
Diheptanoyl Thio-PC is a substrate for all phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) with the exception of cPLA2 and PAF-acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH).1 Interaction of this compound with a PLA2 results in cleavage of the sn-2 fatty acid generating a free thiol on the lysophospholipid. This free thiol can be detected using chromogenic substrates such as DTNB (Ellman’s reagent) and DTP.
(S)-GLPG0974 is the isomer of GLPG0974 (HY-12940), and can be used as an experimental control. GLPG0974 is a freefatty acid receptor-2 (FFA2/GPR43) antagonist with an IC50 of 9 nM.
TUG-499 is a selective freefatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1 or GPR40) (FreeFatty Acid Receptor) agonist with a pEC50 of 7.39. TUG-499 exhibits >100-fold selectivity over the related receptors FFA2, FFA3, and the nuclear receptor PPARγ and other diverse receptors, ion channels, and transporters. TUG-499 can be used for the research of type 2 diabetes . TUG-499 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
Lauric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lauric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid- 13C-1 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively[1].
ZQ-16 is a potent and selective GPR84 agonist with an EC50 value of 0.213 μM. ZQ-16 has no activity on the other freefatty acid receptors (FFARs), including GPR40, GPR41, GPR119 and GPR120 .
Cholesterol esterase, Porcine pancreas is an enzyme that hydrolyzes cholesterol ester to cholesterol and freefatty acid in the intestinal lumen. Cholesterol synthesized in the acinar cells and is stored in zymogen granules. Cholesterol esterase is also known as bile salt-stimulated lipase and carboxy ester lipasea, acts function for acceleration of cholesterol absorption.
Ninerafaxstat (IMB-1018972) is a novel orally active cardiac mitochondrial drug that restores myocardial energy homeostasis. Ninerafaxstat competitively inhibits 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (3-KAT) to partially suppress fatty acid oxidation, and shifts cardiac energy metabolism from freefatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation, regulating myocardial substrate utilization and thereby improving cardiac efficiency. Ninerafaxstat can be used for research on cardiovascular diseases .
Cholesterol esterase, Pseudomonas is an enzyme that hydrolyzes cholesterol ester to cholesterol and freefatty acid in the intestinal lumen. Cholesterol synthesized in the acinar cells and is stored in zymogen granules. Cholesterol esterase is also known as bile salt-stimulated lipase and carboxy ester lipasea, acts function for acceleration of cholesterol absorption .
Propionyl-L-carnitine is a carnitine derivative and has a high affinity for muscular carnitine transferase. Propionyl-L-carnitine increases cellular carnitine content, thereby allowing freefatty acid transport into the mitochondria. Propionyl-L-carnitine alleviates the symptoms of PAD through a metabolic pathway, thereby improving exercise performance .
TUG-1375 is an agonist of freefatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2/GPR43), with a pKi of 6.69. TUG-1375 is inactive on FFA3, FFA4, PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ, LXRα or LXRβ .
Gardenoside is a natural compound found in Gardenia fruits, with hepatoprotective properties. Gardenoside suppresses the pain of chronic constriction injury by regulating the P2X3 and P2X7 receptors. Gardenoside has an inhibitory effect on freefattyacids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis .
Acipimox (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acipimox. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acipimox (K-9321), a nicotinic acid analogue, is an antilipolytic compound. Acipimox stimulates leptin releas, inhibits lipolysis and suppresses systemic levels of freefattyacids (FFAs) and improves insulin sensitivity .
5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein, a lipophilic fluorescent probe, is a free-fatty-acid conjugate of fluorescein. 5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein has been used in membrane fluidity studies and the determination of critical micelle concentration of detergents. 5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein can be also used to synthesize hydrophobic nanospheres for drug delivery .
SCH-900271 is an orally active, potent nicotinic acid receptor (NAR) agonist with an EC50 of 2 nM in the hu-GPR109a assay. SCH-900271 exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of plasma freefatty acid (FFA). SCH-900271 has an improved therapeutic window to flushing .
6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid (Glycerol α-monoelaidate) is a rare omega-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acid. In normal people, it accounts for less than 0.25% of serum phospholipid fattyacids. It is found in certain natural oils, such as echium and blackcurrant, and to the extent that these oils are incorporated into nutraceuticals, stearidonic acid can be an important polyunsaturated species in the human diet. Ethyl stearidonic acid, an ester of the free acid, is less water soluble but more suitable for formulating stearidonic acid-containing diets and dietary supplements.
Ninerafaxstat trihydrochloride (IMB-1018972 trihydrochloride) is the trihydrochloride salt form of Ninerafaxstat (HY-139577). Ninerafaxstat trihydrochloride is a novel orally active cardiac mitochondrial drug that restores myocardial energy homeostasis. Ninerafaxstat trihydrochloride competitively inhibits 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (3-KAT) to partially suppress fatty acid oxidation, and shifts cardiac energy metabolism from freefatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation, regulating myocardial substrate utilization and thereby improving cardiac efficiency. Ninerafaxstat trihydrochloride can be used for research on cardiovascular diseases .
3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol dipalmitate (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol dipalmitate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol dipalmitate is a freefatty acid consisting mainly of diesters .
HWL-088 is a highly potent and orally active freefatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1/GPR40) agonist (EC50 of 18.9 nM) with moderate PPARδ activity (EC50 of 570.9 nM) . HWL-088 improves glucose and lipid metabolism, and has anti-diabetic effects .
Monoglyceride lipase, Bacillus sp., is a key enzyme involved in lipid metabolism. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of monoglycerides (particularly 2-AG, or 2-arachidonoylglycerol) into glycerol and freefattyacids. By regulating the levels of 2-AG, Monoglyceride lipase, Bacillus sp., can influence neural signaling, pain perception, inflammatory responses, and metabolic processes .
Cholesterol esterase, Candida cylindracea is an enzyme located in the intestines that hydrolyzes cholesterol esters into cholesterol and freefattyacids. Also known as bile salt-stimulated lipase or carboxylester lipase, this enzyme facilitates cholesterol metabolism and absorption in the body. It can also be used as a biochemical reagent, and is employed in conjunction with cholesterol oxidase (HY-P2848) to measure cholesterol levels .
GPR40 agonist 5 (compound I-14) is an orally active and potent GPR40 (G protein coupled receptor 40) agonist, with an EC50 of 47 nM. GPR40 agonist 5 decreases the levels of blood glucose and improves the glucose tolerance. GPR40 agonist 5 has sufficient effectiveness for the control of hyperglycemia state in type 2 diabetic mice . GPR40 agonist 5 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor .
Trimetazidine is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor .
TUG-469 is a selective freefatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1/GPR40) agonist with an EC50 value of 19 nM. TUG-469 is >200-fold selective for FFA1 over FFA4. TUG-469 significantly improves glucose tolerance in pre-diabetic mice. TUG-469 can be used for the research of diabetes .
HUHS2002 is a freefatty acid derivative with the ability to enhance α7 cholinergic receptor activity. HUHS2002 enhances whole-cell membrane currents of α7 ACh receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of HUHS2002 were blocked in the presence of the Ca2?/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor KN-93. HUHS2002 activated CaMKII in cultured rodent hippocampal neurons, and this activation was abolished by KN-93. HUHS2002 also partially inhibited the activity of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in a cell-free PP1 activity assay .
omega-3 Arachidonic acid ethyl ester, in ethanol, 98% is a rare polyunsaturated fatty acid found in very small amounts in dietary sources. Omega-3 fattyacids are known to be essential for the growth and development of infants, and they protect against heart disease, blood clots, high blood pressure, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In human platelet membranes, omega-3 arachidonic acid inhibits arachidonyl-CoA synthetase with a Ki of 14 μM. It also inhibits arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase in calf brain extract with an IC50 of approximately 5 μM. Omega-3 ethyl arachidonate is the more lipophilic form of the free acid.
Lucifer Yellow CH dilithium salt is a high-intensity fluorescent probe containing free hydrazyl groups. Lucifer Yellow CH can react with fatty aldehydes at room temperature. Lucifer Yellow CH serves as a biological tracer to monitor neuronal branching, regeneration, gap junction detection and characterization, and selective ablation of cells after aldehyde fixation. Lucifer yellow CH displays the maximum excitation/emission of 430 nm/540 nm, respectively .
Lucifer Yellow CH dipotassium is a high-intensity fluorescent probe containing free hydrazyl groups. Lucifer Yellow CH can react with fatty aldehydes at room temperature. Lucifer Yellow CH serves as a biological tracer to monitor neuronal branching, regeneration, gap junction detection and characterization, and selective ablation of cells after aldehyde fixation. Lucifer yellow CH displays the maximum excitation/emission of 430 nm/540 nm, respectively .
sPLA2-IIA Inhibitor is a cyclic pentapeptide analog of FLSYK (cyclic 2-Nal-Leu-Ser-2-Nal-Arg (c2)), that binds to hGIIA (human IIA phospholipase A2) and inhibits its hydrolytic ability. sPLA2 is a member of the esterase superfamily that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester bond at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, releasing freefattyacids such as arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids .
Trimetazidine-d8 (dihydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Trimetazidine dihydrochloride. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor[1][2][3][4].
5β,6β-epoxycholestanol is an oxidative metabolite of cholesterol formed by free-radical and non-radical oxidation of cholesterol at the 5,6 double bond. Induces lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and apoptosis in macrophage-differentiated U937 cells. Cholesterol 5beta,6beta-epoxide has been found in human fatty streaks and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, but not in normal aortic tissue .
Arachidonoyl Thio-PC is a substrate of many phospholipase A2 (PLA2), including sPLA2, cPLA2 and iPLA2. Cleavage of sn-2 fattyacids by PLA2 results in the production of free thiols, which react with chromogenic reagents such as DTNB (Ellman's reagent) and DTP, allowing quantification of PLA2 activity. Isozyme-specific cPLA2 activity can be measured by depleting or inhibiting sPLA2 and iPLA2 activity in the assay.
Trimetazidine-d9 (dihydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Trimetazidine (dihydrochloride). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor .
Trimetazidine (dihydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trimetazidine (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor .
PPARδ agonist 10 (compound 7) is an orally active, selective, and partial agonist of PPARδ, with EC50 values of 0.053 μM and 0.30 µM for hPPARδ(LBD)-GAL4 and mPPARδ, respectively. PPARδ agonist 10 is a partial PPARδ agonist in transactivation assay but a full agonist on freefattyacids (FFA) oxidation in muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo. PPARδ agonist 10 can be used for dyslipidemia research .
Trimetazidine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trimetazidine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trimetazidine is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor .
TUG-424 is a potent and selective freefatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1/GPR40) agonist with an EC50 of 32 nM. TUG-424 significantly increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at 100 nM. TUG-424 may serve to explore the role of FFA1 in metabolic diseases such as diabetes or obesity . TUG-424 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
GSK137647A (GSK 137647) is a potent, selective freefatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) agonist with pEC50 values of 6.3, 6.2, and 6.1 for human, mouse and rat FFA4, and pEC50 values < 4.5 for all three species for FFA1, FFA2, and FFA3, respectively. GSK137647A has anti-inflammatory activity. GSK137647A induces insulin secretion and inhibits epithelial ion transport, GSK137647A is related to regulation of glucose homeostasis and anti-inflammatory response .
AR420626 is a selective agonist of freefatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3) (IC50=117 nM). AR420626 has anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic activities. AR420626 improves neurogenic diarrhea by inhibiting nAChR mediated neural pathways. AR420626 inhibits the growth of HepG2 xenografts and inhibits the proliferation of hepatoma cells by inducing apoptosis. AR420626 also suppresses allergic asthma and eczema and has the ability to activate GPR41 to increase Ca 2+ signal-mediated glucose uptake and improve diabetes .
Feprazone (DA2370; Prenazone), an analogue of Phenylbutazone (HY-B0230), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Feprazone acts by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Feprazone ameliorates freefatty acid (FFA)-induced oxidative stress by reducing the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Feprazone can decrease the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Besides, Feprazone can suppress adipogenesis and increase lipolysis in differentiating 3 T3-L1 cells. Feprazone also can be used to research atherosclerosis and obesity .
Darexaban maleate (YM150 maleate) is a direct factor Xa inhibitor with activity in preventing venous thromboembolism. The major metabolite of Darexaban maleate in humans is Darexaban glucitol, which acts pharmacologically. The glucitolation reaction of Darexaban maleate is mainly catalyzed by UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 in the human liver and intestine. The K(m) value of Darexaban maleate glucitolation in the liver is greater than 250 μM, while in the intestine it exhibits substrate inhibition kinetics with a K(m) value of 27.3 μM. The unbound K(m) value of Darexaban maleate is significantly reduced by the influence of fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin in both HLM and UGT1A9 .
Feprazone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Feprazone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Feprazone (DA2370; Prenazone), an analogue of Phenylbutazone (HY-B0230), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Feprazone acts by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Feprazone ameliorates freefatty acid (FFA)-induced oxidative stress by reducing the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Feprazone can decrease the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Besides, Feprazone can suppress adipogenesis and increase lipolysis in differentiating 3 T3-L1 cells. Feprazone also can be used to research atherosclerosis and obesity .
Isopropyl palmitate is an fatty acid ester. Isopropyl palmitate can be used for design and characterization of bioactive bilayer films. The bilayer membrane not only has the ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, but also can inhibit the growth of known foodborne pathogens. Isopropyl palmitate can be used as an excipient, such as lubricant, oily carrier, solvent, controlled-release transdermal film. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs .
Pinolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the seed oils of red pine (Pinus orientalis) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Both oils were found to have lipid-lowering properties. A diet containing marine pine nut oil (MPSO) reduces HDL and ApoA1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human ApoA1. MPSO was found to reduce cholesterol efflux in vitro. Korean pine nut oil supplements may help obesity by reducing appetite. People who take this oil experience an increase in the satiety hormones CCK and GLP-1 and a decrease in appetite. The activity of the oil is attributed to pinolenic acid. Pinolenic acid is not metabolized to arachidonic acid and can reduce the level of arachidonic acid in the phosphatidylinositol fraction of HepG2 cells from 15.9% to 7.0%. Pinolenic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, more lipophilic form of the free acid.
Isopropyl palmitate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isopropyl palmitate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isopropyl palmitate is an fatty acid ester. Isopropyl palmitate can be used for design and characterization of bioactive bilayer films. The bilayer membrane not only has the ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, but also can inhibit the growth of known foodborne pathogens. Isopropyl palmitate can be used as an excipient, such as lubricant, oily carrier, solvent, controlled-release transdermal film. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs .
5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein, a lipophilic fluorescent probe, is a free-fatty-acid conjugate of fluorescein. 5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein has been used in membrane fluidity studies and the determination of critical micelle concentration of detergents. 5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein can be also used to synthesize hydrophobic nanospheres for drug delivery .
Lucifer Yellow CH dilithium salt is a high-intensity fluorescent probe containing free hydrazyl groups. Lucifer Yellow CH can react with fatty aldehydes at room temperature. Lucifer Yellow CH serves as a biological tracer to monitor neuronal branching, regeneration, gap junction detection and characterization, and selective ablation of cells after aldehyde fixation. Lucifer yellow CH displays the maximum excitation/emission of 430 nm/540 nm, respectively .
Lucifer Yellow CH dipotassium is a high-intensity fluorescent probe containing free hydrazyl groups. Lucifer Yellow CH can react with fatty aldehydes at room temperature. Lucifer Yellow CH serves as a biological tracer to monitor neuronal branching, regeneration, gap junction detection and characterization, and selective ablation of cells after aldehyde fixation. Lucifer yellow CH displays the maximum excitation/emission of 430 nm/540 nm, respectively .
Diheptanoyl Thio-PC is a substrate for all phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) with the exception of cPLA2 and PAF-acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH).1 Interaction of this compound with a PLA2 results in cleavage of the sn-2 fatty acid generating a free thiol on the lysophospholipid. This free thiol can be detected using chromogenic substrates such as DTNB (Ellman’s reagent) and DTP.
Bovine Serum Albumin (Low Endotoxin,Fatty acid free) (BSA) is a 583-residue protein consisting of three homologous all-α domains, organized in a heart-shaped structure. BSA is a globular protein that is used in numerous biochemical applications.
omega-3 Arachidonic acid ethyl ester, in ethanol, 98% is a rare polyunsaturated fatty acid found in very small amounts in dietary sources. Omega-3 fattyacids are known to be essential for the growth and development of infants, and they protect against heart disease, blood clots, high blood pressure, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In human platelet membranes, omega-3 arachidonic acid inhibits arachidonyl-CoA synthetase with a Ki of 14 μM. It also inhibits arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase in calf brain extract with an IC50 of approximately 5 μM. Omega-3 ethyl arachidonate is the more lipophilic form of the free acid.
5β,6β-epoxycholestanol is an oxidative metabolite of cholesterol formed by free-radical and non-radical oxidation of cholesterol at the 5,6 double bond. Induces lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and apoptosis in macrophage-differentiated U937 cells. Cholesterol 5beta,6beta-epoxide has been found in human fatty streaks and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, but not in normal aortic tissue .
Isopropyl palmitate is an fatty acid ester. Isopropyl palmitate can be used for design and characterization of bioactive bilayer films. The bilayer membrane not only has the ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, but also can inhibit the growth of known foodborne pathogens. Isopropyl palmitate can be used as an excipient, such as lubricant, oily carrier, solvent, controlled-release transdermal film. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs .
Pinolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the seed oils of red pine (Pinus orientalis) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Both oils were found to have lipid-lowering properties. A diet containing marine pine nut oil (MPSO) reduces HDL and ApoA1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human ApoA1. MPSO was found to reduce cholesterol efflux in vitro. Korean pine nut oil supplements may help obesity by reducing appetite. People who take this oil experience an increase in the satiety hormones CCK and GLP-1 and a decrease in appetite. The activity of the oil is attributed to pinolenic acid. Pinolenic acid is not metabolized to arachidonic acid and can reduce the level of arachidonic acid in the phosphatidylinositol fraction of HepG2 cells from 15.9% to 7.0%. Pinolenic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, more lipophilic form of the free acid.
cis-13,16,19-Docosatrienoic acid methyl ester is an ester form of docosatrienoic acid, a rare omega-3 fatty acid not found in the normal phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acid pool Easily detectable, it inhibits the binding of [3H]-LTB4 to porcine neutrophils at a concentration of 5 μM. Methyl docosatrienoate is more fat-soluble than the free acid and may be more desirable than the free acid in some formulations.
Ethyl Tricosanoate is a long-chain saturated fatty acid ethyl ester, which exists in small amounts in C. conicum and C. conicum. Free acid reduces the hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin on human erythrocytes. Both ethyl ester and free acid can be used as standards for the analysis of lipid mixtures.
6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid (Glycerol α-monoelaidate) is a rare omega-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acid. In normal people, it accounts for less than 0.25% of serum phospholipid fattyacids. It is found in certain natural oils, such as echium and blackcurrant, and to the extent that these oils are incorporated into nutraceuticals, stearidonic acid can be an important polyunsaturated species in the human diet. Ethyl stearidonic acid, an ester of the free acid, is less water soluble but more suitable for formulating stearidonic acid-containing diets and dietary supplements.
Arachidonoyl Thio-PC is a substrate of many phospholipase A2 (PLA2), including sPLA2, cPLA2 and iPLA2. Cleavage of sn-2 fattyacids by PLA2 results in the production of free thiols, which react with chromogenic reagents such as DTNB (Ellman's reagent) and DTP, allowing quantification of PLA2 activity. Isozyme-specific cPLA2 activity can be measured by depleting or inhibiting sPLA2 and iPLA2 activity in the assay.
Isopropyl palmitate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isopropyl palmitate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isopropyl palmitate is an fatty acid ester. Isopropyl palmitate can be used for design and characterization of bioactive bilayer films. The bilayer membrane not only has the ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, but also can inhibit the growth of known foodborne pathogens. Isopropyl palmitate can be used as an excipient, such as lubricant, oily carrier, solvent, controlled-release transdermal film. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs .
Propionyl-L-carnitine is a carnitine derivative and has a high affinity for muscular carnitine transferase. Propionyl-L-carnitine increases cellular carnitine content, thereby allowing freefatty acid transport into the mitochondria. Propionyl-L-carnitine alleviates the symptoms of PAD through a metabolic pathway, thereby improving exercise performance .
sPLA2-IIA Inhibitor is a cyclic pentapeptide analog of FLSYK (cyclic 2-Nal-Leu-Ser-2-Nal-Arg (c2)), that binds to hGIIA (human IIA phospholipase A2) and inhibits its hydrolytic ability. sPLA2 is a member of the esterase superfamily that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester bond at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, releasing freefattyacids such as arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids .
Octadecanedioic acid, an endogenous metabolite, is a long-chain dicarboxylic acid that has been found in serum freefatty acid profile in Reye syndrome .
Ferroheme is a complex of ferrous ions and porphyrins, which exists in tissues in free form and as a prosthetic group of many heme proteins. In addition, ferroheme is also an isosteric inhibitor of fatty acid binding to rat liver fatty acid binding protein .
13Z,16Z-Docosadienoic acid, a ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, possesses anti-borreliae effect. 13Z,16Z-Docosadienoic acid, as a long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), is a freefatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4 or GPR120, a LCFA receptor) agonist .
Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively .
Grifolic acid is a phenolic compound that is first extracted from the mushroom Albatrellus confluens. Grifolic acid acts as an agonist of the freefatty acid receptor (FFAR4/GPR120) .
(-)-Dihydroguaiaretic acid is a Lipoxygenase inhibitor that has antioxidant activity. (-)-Dihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits the oxidation of unsaturated fattyacids and removes free radicals. (-)-Dihydroguaiaretic acid also has anticancer activity with an IC50 value of 7.49 μM (A549 cells) .
Lauric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lauric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Propionyl-L-carnitine is a carnitine derivative and has a high affinity for muscular carnitine transferase. Propionyl-L-carnitine increases cellular carnitine content, thereby allowing freefatty acid transport into the mitochondria. Propionyl-L-carnitine alleviates the symptoms of PAD through a metabolic pathway, thereby improving exercise performance .
Gardenoside is a natural compound found in Gardenia fruits, with hepatoprotective properties. Gardenoside suppresses the pain of chronic constriction injury by regulating the P2X3 and P2X7 receptors. Gardenoside has an inhibitory effect on freefattyacids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis .
ADTRP protein exhibits specialized enzymatic activity, specifically hydrolyzing bioactive fatty-acid esters of hydroxy-fatty acids (FAHFAs), with a notable preference for branched FAHFAs. This unique function distinguishes ADTRP, as it does not hydrolyze other major lipid classes. Moreover, ADTRP regulates endothelial cells, influencing TFPI expression and cell-associated anticoagulant activity, observed in in vitro settings. ADTRP Protein, Human (Cell-Free, His, Myc) is the recombinant human-derived ADTRP protein, expressed by E. coli Cell-free , with N-10*His, C-Myc labeled tag. The total length of ADTRP Protein, Human (Cell-Free, His, Myc) is 230 a.a., with molecular weight of 31.8 kDa.
Lauric acid- 13C is the 13C labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid-d33 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid-d233 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Trimetazidine-d8 (dihydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Trimetazidine dihydrochloride. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor[1][2][3][4].
Acipimox-d4 is the deuterium labeled Acipimox. Acipimox (K-9321), a nicotinic acid analogue, is an antilipolytic compound. Acipimox acutely inhibits lipolysis and suppresses systemic levels of freefattyacids (FFAs) and improves insulin sensitivity .
Lauric acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Lauric acid- 13C-1 is the deuterium labeled Lauric acid. Lauric acid is a middle chain-freefatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively[1].
Trimetazidine-d9 (dihydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Trimetazidine (dihydrochloride). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of freefatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor .
GPCR GPR43; FFA2R; Ffar2; FFAR2_HUMAN; FreeFattyAcid activated receptor 2; FreeFattyAcid receptor 2; G protein coupled receptor 43; G protein-coupled receptor 43; G-protein coupled receptor 43; GPR 43; GPCR 43.
ELISA, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF
Human, Mouse
GPR43 Antibody is an unconjugated, approximately 37 kDa, rabbit-derived, anti-GPR43 polyclonal antibody. GPR43 Antibody can be used for: ELISA, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC, IF expriments in human, mouse, and predicted: rat background without labeling.
Isopropyl palmitate is an fatty acid ester. Isopropyl palmitate can be used for design and characterization of bioactive bilayer films. The bilayer membrane not only has the ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, but also can inhibit the growth of known foodborne pathogens. Isopropyl palmitate can be used as an excipient, such as lubricant, oily carrier, solvent, controlled-release transdermal film. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs .
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