Search Result
Results for "
Muscle activity
" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:
4
Biochemical Assay Reagents
12
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Target |
Research Areas |
Chemical Structure |
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- HY-148799
-
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Myosin
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Others
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Sevasemten is an orally active allosteric inhibitor of skeletal muscle myosin that protects skeletal muscle from contraction-induced injury. Sevasemten exhibits selectively myosin inhibition with IC50s of ≤10 μM (skeletal), >100 μM (cardiac), respectively. Sevasemten decreases muscle damage biomarkers and fibrosis while increasing muscle strength and activity in in Duchenne muscular dystrophy disease models .
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- HY-B0740
-
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MK130 hydrochloride
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5-HT Receptor
Parasite
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Infection
Neurological Disease
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Cyclobenzaprine (MK130) hydrochloride is an orally active 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride acts centrally, providing skeletal muscle relaxation, alleviating muscle spasms, and reducing pain. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride has antiprotozoal activity. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride also possesses antiparasitic activity. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride holds promise for research in the fields of acute, painful skeletal muscle disorders and infectious diseases
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- HY-13441
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-
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- HY-B0740R
-
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MK130 hydrochloride (Standard)
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5-HT Receptor
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Neurological Disease
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Cyclobenzaprine (MK130) hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cyclobenzaprine (MK130) hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride is an orally active 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride acts centrally, providing skeletal muscle relaxation, alleviating muscle spasms, and reducing pain. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride has antiprotozoal activity. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride also possesses antiparasitic activity. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride holds promise for research in the fields of acute, painful skeletal muscle disorders and infectious diseases
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- HY-B1139
-
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Apoptosis
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Neurological Disease
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Tolperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant studied in neurological disorders causing pathological rhabdomyosclerosis (pyramidal tract injury, multiple sclerosis, myelopathy, encephalomyelitis), spastic paralysis, and other muscle dystonia-related Encephalopathy. Tolperisone hydrochloride also has antiviral activity .
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- HY-P10549
-
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Endogenous Metabolite
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Neurological Disease
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NGFFFamide is a muscle-active neuropeptide found in sea urchins. NGFFFamide regulates muscle activity by directly interacting with receptor proteins on muscle cells, or indirectly by stimulating nerves or other cell types to release muscle-active factors. NGFFFamide can be used to study muscle contraction and relaxation .
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- HY-111309
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Androgen Receptor
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Endocrinology
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LGD-2941 is an orally active, potent and selective androgen receptor modulator. LGD-2941 shows excellent anabolic activity in muscle with reduced effect on the prostate in a rat model of hypogonadism. LGD-2941 also improves bone strength in a rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis .
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- HY-126175
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Endogenous Metabolite
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Neurological Disease
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Neostigmine iodide is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with muscle tone-enhancing activity. Neostigmine iodide is primarily used to improve muscle function in patients with myasthenia gravis. Neostigmine iodide is also used in routine anesthesia to reverse the effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants such as rocuronium .
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- HY-167739
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Others
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Neurological Disease
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(S,S)-Dehydroemetine is an antispasmodic compound with inhibitory activity on smooth muscle. (S,S)-Dehydroemetine can be used to inhibit diseases related to smooth muscle contraction .
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-
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- HY-P2807J
-
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Lactate Dehydrogenase
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Metabolic Disease
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L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (L-LDH), pig muscle is an L-lactate dehydrogenase found in pig muscle, mainly present in anaerobic tissues (skeletal muscle, red blood cells). L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (L-LDH), pig muscle can interact with acidic liposomes at low pH, causing protein to adsorb onto the liposomes and inhibit enzyme activity. The IC50 values for L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (L-LDH), pig muscle are 0.05 μM for cardiolipin and 1.3 μM for phosphatidylserine liposomes .
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-
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- HY-114743
-
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mAChR
Histamine Receptor
CRAC Channel
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Others
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GS 283 is a compound with calcium antagonist and weak histamine and muscarinic receptor blocking activity, with activity in modulating contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle. GS 283 inhibits contractions induced by carbachol, histamine (guinea pig only), and high K? in guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle, inhibits Ca2?-induced contractions in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, and at high concentrations completely abolishes contractions induced by carbachol in Ca2?-free medium.
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- HY-A0258A
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Metocurine iodide; Dimethylchondrocurarine iodide
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Others
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Neurological Disease
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Metubine (Metocurine iodide) is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. Metubine has neuromuscular blocking activities .
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- HY-118938
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Others
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Hoquizil hydrochloride is a novel bronchodilator with oral activity, demonstrating phosphodiesterase inhibitory effects and potential for modulation of smooth muscle contraction.
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- HY-152205
-
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Myosin
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Others
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JB061 is a nonmuscle myosin inhibitor with IC50s of 4.4 μM (Cardiac muscle myosin), 9.1 μM (Skeletal muscle myosin), and >100 μM (Smooth muscle myosin II), respectively. JB061 poorly decreases ATPase activity (IC50>200 μM). JB061 shows cytotoxicity against COS-7 cells with an IC50 value of 39 μM .
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- HY-122991
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Others
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Neurological Disease
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Prospasmine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic drug that has the activity of inhibiting glandular secretions and relaxing smooth muscles. Prospasmine hydrochloride is mainly used to inhibit certain types of gastrointestinal disorders. Prospasmine hydrochloride helps relieve pain caused by smooth muscle spasms. Prospasmine hydrochloride is also used as an anesthetic adjuvant in some cases .
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- HY-120695
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Others
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Neurological Disease
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Nafiverine is an antispasmodic agent. Nafiverine shows a high myolytic activity on the smooth muscles of the ileum, uterus, and coronary vessels .
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- HY-106888A
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Endogenous Metabolite
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Neurological Disease
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CS-722 is a centrally acting muscle relaxant, and has a muscle relaxant activity and depressant effectson the spinal reflex[1]. CS-722 inhibits spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents and excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal cultures probably by an inhibition of both sodium and calcium currents .
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- HY-127119
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Others
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Neurological Disease
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Benanserin hydrochloride is a serotonin antagonist with psychopharmacological activity. Benanserin hydrochloride can be used to study specific behavioral manifestations in monitoring systems for drug effects. The effects of Benanserin hydrochloride can be sensitively and effectively assessed, for example, by measuring muscle movement capacity and reaction time. Benanserin hydrochloride is suitable for monitoring specific muscle physiological changes. The biological activity of Benanserin hydrochloride can provide reproducible bioassay parameters for experiments .
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- HY-Y0413
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Diacetyl monoxime; DAM
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Na+/K+ ATPase
Myosin
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Cardiovascular Disease
Metabolic Disease
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Biacetyl monoxime (Diacetyl monoxime), a myosin ATPase inhibitor, is a skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction inhibitor. Biacetyl monoxime is also a well-characterized non-competitive inhibitor of chemical and motile activity of skeletal muscle myosin-II. Biacetyl monoxime induces sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ release .
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- HY-100685
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MS-444
1 Publications Verification
BE-34776
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Myosin
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Cancer
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MS-444 inhibits the activity of purified smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) with an IC50 value of 10 μM.
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- HY-Q50962
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-
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- HY-B0740S3
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MK130-d3-1 hydrochloride
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Isotope-Labeled Compounds
5-HT Receptor
Parasite
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Infection
Neurological Disease
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Cyclobenzaprine-d3-1 hydrochloride (MK130-d3-1 hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (HY-B0740). Cyclobenzaprine (MK130) hydrochloride is an orally active 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride acts centrally, providing skeletal muscle relaxation, alleviating muscle spasms, and reducing pain. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride has antiprotozoal activity. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride also possesses antiparasitic activity. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride holds promise for research in the fields of acute, painful skeletal muscle disorders and infectious diseases
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- HY-106888
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Endogenous Metabolite
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Neurological Disease
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CS-722 Free base is a synthesized centrally acting muscle relaxant, and has a muscle relaxant activity and depressant effectson the spinal reflex . CS-722 Free base inhibits spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents and excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal cultures probably by an inhibition of both sodium and calcium currents .
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- HY-B1139R
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Apoptosis
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Neurological Disease
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Tolperisone (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tolperisone (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tolperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant studied in neurological disorders causing pathological rhabdomyosclerosis (pyramidal tract injury, multiple sclerosis, myelopathy, encephalomyelitis), spastic paralysis, and other muscle dystonia-related Encephalopathy. Tolperisone hydrochloride also has antiviral activity .
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- HY-Y0017
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- HY-122409
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Others
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Others
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Cularine is a compound that relaxes guinea pig tracheal and human bronchial smooth muscle, inhibits contraction induced by a variety of contractile agents, and has nonspecific antispasmodic activity, and its activity is structure-related.
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- HY-16690
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BTS
2 Publications Verification
N-Benzyl-p-toluenesulfonamide; N-Tosylbenzylamine
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Myosin
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Others
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BTS (N-Benzyl-p-toluenesulfonamide) is a potent and selective inhibitor of skeletal muscle myosin II subfragment 1 (S1) ATPase activity, with an IC50s of ~5 μM for actin- and Ca 2+-stimulated myosin S1 ATPase. BTS specifically inhibits the contraction of fast skeletal muscle fibers .
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- HY-19396
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CP 368296; GPi 296
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Others
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Ingliforib (CP 368296) is a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, with IC50s of 52, 352 and 150 nM for liver, muscle and brain glycogen phosphorylase, and has cardioprotective activity.
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- HY-B1462S
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Cytochrome P450
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Inflammation/Immunology
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Chlorzoxazone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Chlorzoxazone. Chlorzoxazone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used to treat muscle spasm and the resulting pain or discomfort. It acts on the spinal cord by depressing reflexes.Chlorzoxazone is currently being used as a marker substrate in vitro/vivo studies to quantify cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity in humans.
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- HY-12980A
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GSK961081 Succinate; TD-5959 Succinate
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Adrenergic Receptor
mAChR
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Neurological Disease
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Batefenterol Succinate (GSK961081 Succinate) is a first-of-its-kind inhaled bifunctional bronchodilator with smooth muscle relaxant properties. The activities of Batefenterol Succinate include acting as a smooth muscle parasympathetic antagonist and a beta2-adrenoceptor agonist. Batefenterol Succinate is used to improve respiratory function, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) .
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- HY-13441G
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Myosin
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Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
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(-)-Blebbistatin (GMP) is (-)-Blebbistatin (HY-13441) produced by using GMP guidelines. (-)-Blebbistatin (GMP) is a selective inhibitor of the ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II .
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- HY-121401A
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(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal; (−)-(1R,5S)-Myrtenal
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Akt
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Metabolic Disease
Cancer
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(?)-Myrtenal ((1R)-(?)-Myrtenal) is an orally active terpene with antitumour activity. (?)-Myrtenal ameliorates hyperglycemia by enhancing GLUT2 through Akt in the skeletal muscle and liver of diabetic rats .
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- HY-123028
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Arginylphenylalaninamide
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Others
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Others
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RFamide (Arginylphenylalaninamide) is a neuropeptide that has contraction-inducing activity in gastropod muscles. Its contractile effect is additive with acetylcholine and is regulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine. It can also mobilize intracellular calcium to maintain tension.
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- HY-P2087
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Insecticide
Parasite
Bacterial
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Infection
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Bassianolide is a cyclooligomer depsipeptide secondary metabolite. Bassianolide is an insecticidal virulence factor of Beauveria bassiana. Bassianolide inhibits acetylcholine-induced smooth muscle contraction, and shows moderate antiplasmodial and anti-mycobacterial activities .
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- HY-N3618
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12,13-Dimethoxycoronaridine
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Others
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Cardiovascular Disease
Neurological Disease
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Conopharyngine (12,13-Dimethoxycoronaridine) is the indole-alkaloid that can be isolated from Tabernaemontana pachysiphon. Conopharyngine affects the functions of cardiovascular and smooth muscle, and exhibits analgesic and nervous system stimulating activity .
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- HY-N0757
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Bacterial
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Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
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8-O-Acetylharpagide is an iridoid isolated from Ajuga reptans with antitumoral, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. 8-O-Acetylharpagide also has a biological activity on isolated smooth muscle preparations from guinea pig .
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- HY-N2005
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- HY-112071
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Adrenergic Receptor
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Prenalterol is a selective β1-adrenergic receptor agonist. Prenalterol has no effect on gut smooth muscle contractile activity. Prenalterol can be used for researching cardiovascular disease .
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- HY-P99857
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PF-06252616
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TGF-beta/Smad
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Metabolic Disease
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Domagrozumab is an anti-myostatin humanized monoclonal antibody with a KD value of 2.6 pM for human myostatin. Domagrozumab induces muscle anabolic activity. Domagrozumab can be used in research of duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) .
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- HY-W150752
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Estrogen Receptor/ERR
Calcium Channel
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Endocrinology
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Triphenylethylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that possesses weak estrogenic activity. Triphenylethylene antiestrogens relax duodenal intestinal muscle via a mechanism that involves inhibition of L-type Ca 2+ channels but not activation of K + channels .
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- HY-Y0017S
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- HY-P10267
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Bombesin Receptor
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Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
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Neuromedin B-30 is the neuropeptide, which is orignally isolated from porcine brain and spinal cord. , and may exhibit activity in stimulating smooth-muscle. Neuromedin B causes local vasodilation, increases vascular permeability and local hyperalgesia, thereby participating in neurogenic inflammation. Neuromedin B regulates appetite, body temperature, and behavioral responses to stress. Neuromedin B is also involved in regulating smooth muscle contraction and secretory function in the gastrointestinal tract .
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- HY-125026
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Others
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Others
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MyomiRs-IN-1 is a myomiRs inhibitor with activity to inhibit myoD translation in C2C12 cells. MyomiRs-IN-1 does not change the expression level of myoD mRNA, while downregulating the expression of differentiation markers. MyomiRs-IN-1 affects the expression of myomiRs in muscle cells by regulating the regulatory pathway between miR-221/222 and myoD. The application of MyomiRs-IN-1 can facilitate research on muscle development and related diseases .
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- HY-114687
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Endogenous Metabolite
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Cardiovascular Disease
Others
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5,7-Dihydroxy-11-ketotetranorprostanoic acid is a urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2α and precursor to tetranor-PGF metabolites, exhibits hardly activity in blood pressure assay and smooth muscle stiumulation assay .
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- HY-119291
-
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Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
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Others
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RA642 is a compound with vasodilatory and hypertensive effects, with the activity of increasing arterial blood pressure, enhancing cerebral blood flow, reducing cerebrovascular resistance and peripheral resistance, and having a papaverine-like relaxant effect on smooth muscle in anesthetized animals.
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- HY-B0678
-
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AHR438; NSC170959
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NF-κB
PGC-1α
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Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
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Metaxalone (AHR438; NSC170959) is an FDA-approved muscle relaxant. Metaxalone acts mainly on the central nervous system and achieves muscle relaxation by inhibiting polysynaptic reflex arcs. In addition, Metaxalone is an inhibitor of MAO-A, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Metaxalone inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory phenotype, modulates NF-κB and other related signaling pathways, and decreases MAO-A expression and activity in IL-1β-treated microglia .
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- HY-Y0017R
-
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Influenza Virus
Endogenous Metabolite
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Infection
Cancer
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L-Norleucine (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Norleucine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Norleucine ((S)-2-Aminohexanoic acid) is an isomer of leucine, specifically affects protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, and has antivirus activity.
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- HY-B1230A
-
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Others
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Inflammation/Immunology
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Camylofin dihydrochloride is an antispasmodic drug with activity in relieving smooth muscle spasms. Camylofin dihydrochloride is used to suppress spasms during labor and to provide pharmacotherapy for ulcerative colitis. The analysis of camylofin dihydrochloride can be quantitatively determined by gas chromatography to assess its content in pharmaceutical preparations .
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- HY-164027
-
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Proteasome
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Others
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MyoMed-205 is an inhibitor targeting the activity of MuRF1. MyoMed-205 prevents early diaphragmatic systolic dysfunction and atrophy due to unilateral diaphragmatic nerve denervation 12 hours later. MyoMed-205 reduces ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of muscle proteins by inhibiting MuRF1 activity. MyoMed-205 increases levels of a protein that phosphorylates Akt (ser473), an important signaling molecule for muscle growth and maintenance. MyoMed-205 can be used to study and treat diaphragmatic dysfunction and atrophy (DIDD) caused by early apraxia, especially in clinical situations such as diaphragmatic paralysis or mechanical ventilation .
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- HY-17037
-
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LS 519; Pirenzepin dihydrochloride; Gastrozepin dihydrochloride
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mAChR
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Metabolic Disease
Cancer
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Pirenzepine (LS 519) dihydrochloride is a selective M1 mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) antagonist. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm, can be used in peptic ulcers research. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride shows anti-proliferative activity to cancer cells .
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- HY-N3063
-
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Others
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Pimaric acid is a resin acid that has been found in A. cordata and various pines. Pimaric acid reduces mRNA expression, protein levels, and promoter activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in TNF-α-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs).
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- HY-126410
-
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FAK
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Metabolic Disease
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Petunidin chloride is an O-methylated anthocyanidin derived from delphinidin. Petunidin chloride binds with and suppresses the activity of focal adhesion kinase and to inhibit platelet-derived growth factor-induced aortic smooth muscle cell migration, which may confer a protective effect against atherosclerosis.
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- HY-137574
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19(R)-Hydroxy PGE1
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Prostaglandin Receptor
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Others
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19(R)-Hydroxy prostaglandin E1 (19(R)-Hydroxy PGE1), the major prostaglandin in primate semen, is an agonist of EP1 and EP3 receptor subtypes and exhibits contractile activity on smooth muscle preparations .
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- HY-116257
-
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Others
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Others
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GSK-7227 (compound 32) is a PPARδ partial agonist with the activity of regulating the expression of related genes. GSK-7227 has partial agonist effects on PPARδ target genes CPT1a and PDK4 in skeletal muscle cells.
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- HY-134575
-
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Apoptosis
GSK-3
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Others
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C24:1-Ceramide is one of the most abundant naturally occurring ceramide. Ceramides regulates many diverse biological activities, such as cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain .
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- HY-A0157A
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Dimetotiazine mesylate; Fonazine mesylate
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Histamine Receptor
5-HT Receptor
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Neurological Disease
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Dimethothiazine mesylate is an orally active tricyclic anti-histamine, anti-5-HT agent with a high activity against decerebrate rigidity, a little sedative activity and little soporific action. Dimethothiazine mesylate can reduce or abolish the effects of both static and dynamic fusimotor activity on the muscle spindle in decerebrate cat. Dimethothiazine mesylate can be used to research hemicrania and spasticity .
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- HY-A0157B
-
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Dimetotiazine hydrochloride; Fonazine hydrochloride
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Histamine Receptor
5-HT Receptor
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Neurological Disease
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Dimethothiazine hydrochloride is an orally active tricyclic anti-histamine, anti-5-HT agent with a high activity against decerebrate rigidity, a little sedative activity and little soporific action. Dimethothiazine hydrochloride can reduce or abolish the effects of both static and dynamic fusimotor activity on the muscle spindle in decerebrate cat. Dimethothiazine hydrochloride can be used to research hemicrania and spasticity .
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- HY-B0678S
-
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Isotope-Labeled Compounds
NF-κB
PGC-1α
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Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
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Metaxalone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Metaxalone. Metaxalone (AHR438; NSC170959) is an FDA-approved muscle relaxant. Metaxalone acts mainly on the central nervous system and achieves muscle relaxation by inhibiting polysynaptic reflex arcs. In addition, Metaxalone is an inhibitor of MAO-A, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Metaxalone inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory phenotype, modulates NF-κB and other related signaling pathways, and decreases MAO-A expression and activity in IL-1β-treated microglia .
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- HY-B0678S1
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AHR438-d6; NSC170959-d6
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Isotope-Labeled Compounds
NF-κB
PGC-1α
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Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
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Metaxalone-d6 is deuterium labeled Metaxalone. Metaxalone (AHR438; NSC170959) is an FDA-approved muscle relaxant. Metaxalone acts mainly on the central nervous system and achieves muscle relaxation by inhibiting polysynaptic reflex arcs. In addition, Metaxalone is an inhibitor of MAO-A, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Metaxalone inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory phenotype, modulates NF-κB and other related signaling pathways, and decreases MAO-A expression and activity in IL-1β-treated microglia .
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- HY-W709349
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D 9998 hydrochloride
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Potassium Channel
iGluR
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Inflammation/Immunology
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Flupirtine hydrochloride (D 9998 hydrochloride) is a selective neuropotassium channel opener with analgesic activity. Flupirtine hydrochloride is used to inhibit a variety of pain conditions, including chronic musculoskeletal pain, migraines, and neuralgia. Flupirtine hydrochloride has antidepressant and antioxidant properties and may increase the analgesic effect in combination therapy with morphine. Flupirtine hydrochloride relieves abnormally increased muscle tension and has a muscle relaxant effect. Flupirtine hydrochloride is clinically superior to other drugs, such as tramadol and pantoxan, plus its side effects are better tolerated. Flupirtine hydrochloride has a significant effect on inhibiting neural hyperexcitability and therefore exhibits inhibitory potential in various pain states .
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- HY-107748A
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5'-GNTI TFA
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Others
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Neurological Disease
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5'-Guanidinonaltrindole TFA is a selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist with significant opioid antagonist activity. 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole TFA exhibits 5 times the antagonistic potency of the prototypical kappa-opioid receptor antagonist norbinatorphimine in smooth muscle preparations, with a selectivity ratio exceeding 500 times. Binding and functional studies of 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole TFA showed pA(2) values comparable to smooth muscle data. 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole TFA is regarded as a potentially valuable pharmacological tool for studying opioids due to its high selectivity and potency .
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- HY-B0230
-
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COX
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Inflammation/Immunology
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Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research .
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- HY-N0484
-
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Autophagy
Mitophagy
Apoptosis
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Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
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Liensinine is an autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor. Liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, extracted from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, has a wide range of biological activities, including anti-arrhythmias, anti-hypertension, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, relaxation on vascular smooth muscle, etc .
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- HY-17037A
-
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LS 519 free base; Pirenzepin; Gastrozepin
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mAChR
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Metabolic Disease
Cancer
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Pirenzepine (LS 519 free base) is a selective M1 mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) antagonist. Pirenzepine reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm, can be used in peptic ulcers research. Pirenzepine shows anti-proliferative activity to cancer cells .
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- HY-105651A
-
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Others
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Butalamine (hydrochloride) is a peripheral vasodilator with local anesthetic effects. :Butalamine (hydrochloride) can produce in animals coronary vasodilation, local anaesthesia, analgesia and a papaverine like action in duodenal preparations. Butalamine (hydrochloride) causes a slowing in rate of spontaneous activity, a decrease in amplitude and a reduction in isolated human smooth muscle .
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- HY-119325A
-
|
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Others
|
Cancer
|
|
Lanperisone hydrochloride is a novel oral muscle relaxant with anticancer activity. Lanperisone hydrochloride produces non-apoptotic cell death by inhibiting monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex potentials. Lanperisone hydrochloride is also believed to play an important role in the dysregulation of iron metabolism and antioxidant systems to modulate processes associated with ischemic stroke .
|
-
- HY-W173257
-
|
|
Others
|
|
|
Theophylline EP impurity C is an alkaloid with anti-bronchial smooth muscle spasm activity. Theophylline EP impurity C can be used to assess the purity and quality of compounds. Theophylline EP impurity C has potential clinical value in the suppression of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
|
-
- HY-A0157
-
|
Dimetotiazine; Fonazine
|
Histamine Receptor
5-HT Receptor
|
Neurological Disease
|
|
Dimethothiazine (Dimetotiazine; Fonazine) is an orally active tricyclic anti-histamine, anti-5-HT agent with a high activity against decerebrate rigidity, a little sedative activity and little soporific action. Dimethothiazine can reduce or abolish the effects of both static and dynamic fusimotor activity on the muscle spindle in decerebrate cat. Dimethothiazine can be used to research hemicrania and spasticity .
|
-
- HY-N12777
-
|
|
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Metabolic Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
Coixenolide can be isolated from coix seeds, and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and pain-reducing activities. Coixenolide stimulates the lung, heart, striated and smooth muscles at low doses, while inhibits at high doses. Coixenolide dilates pulmonary veins and improves pulmonary blood circulation .
|
-
- HY-B0678R
-
|
AHR438 (Standard); NSC170959 (Standard)
|
NF-κB
PGC-1α
|
Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Metaxalone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Metaxalone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Metaxalone (AHR438; NSC170959) is an FDA-approved muscle relaxant. Metaxalone acts mainly on the central nervous system and achieves muscle relaxation by inhibiting polysynaptic reflex arcs. In addition, Metaxalone is an inhibitor of MAO-A, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Metaxalone inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory phenotype, modulates NF-κB and other related signaling pathways, and decreases MAO-A expression and activity in IL-1β-treated microglia .
|
-
- HY-B0167A
-
-
- HY-124805
-
|
|
HSP
|
Cancer
|
|
MAL3-101 is a potent HSP70 allosteric inhibitor. MAL3-101 inhibits HSP70 ATPase activity by blocking Hsp40 co-chaperone interaction. MAL3-101 can be used for researching muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) .
|
-
- HY-N3136
-
|
|
Histamine Receptor
|
Others
|
|
Onitin is a natural product, that can be isolated from Onychium siliculosum. Onitin is also a non-competitive antagonist of histamine. Onitin shows activity in blocking the peristaltic reflex of the guinea-pig ileum, in inhibition of the responses of guinea-pig ileum to histamine and of inhibition of the responses of guinea-pig tracheal muscle to histamine .
|
-
- HY-133797
-
|
|
Drug Metabolite
|
Neurological Disease
|
|
Cyclobenzaprine N-oxide is the tertiary amine metabolite of Cyclobenzaprine (HY-B0740) in liver particles. Cyclobenzaprine is a skeletal muscle relaxant and is active on the central nervous system. The liver cytosol from liver particles has reductase activity that can reduce Cyclobenzaprine N-oxide to the corresponding amine .
|
-
- HY-B1695
-
|
Nicotinic acid methyl ester
|
Others
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Methyl nicotinate (Nicotinic acid methyl ester) is an orally active vasodilator. Methyl nicotinate has analgesic activity. Methyl nicotinate causes local skin erythema when applied topically to the skin. Methyl nicotinate is used as an active ingredient in over-the-counter topical preparations for the study of muscle and joint pain .
|
-
- HY-112102
-
|
SSHB
|
Akt
PI3K
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Metabolic Disease
|
|
(22S,23S)-Homobrassinolide is one of the most active brassinosteroids in inducing plant growth in various plant bioassay systems. (22S,23S)-Homobrassinolide shows Akt-dependent anabolic activity in rat skeletal muscle cells. Orally active .
|
-
- HY-B0464A
-
|
|
Reactive Oxygen Species
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
Hydralazine is a orally active antihypertensive agent, reduces peripheral resistance directly by relaxing the smooth muscle cell layer in arterial vessel. Hydralazine has antioxidant activity, as well as inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and O2 ·- generation with an IC50 value of 9.53 mM and 1.19 mM, respectively .
|
-
- HY-B0282A
-
|
ACh bromide
|
Biochemical Assay Reagents
|
Others
Cancer
|
|
Acetylcholine bromide is an organic choline salt compound commonly used in neurophysiology and pharmacology experiments. It plays an important role in the nervous system, acting as a neurotransmitter that transmits signals and regulates many important physiological functions. Due to its special biological activity, Acetylcholine bromide is widely used in the study of neurotransmitters, nerve damage and muscle movement.
|
-
- HY-105762A
-
|
|
Others
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Etamiphyllin camsylate is a cardiac stimulant with oral activity that increases cardiac output without increasing heart rate. Etamiphyllin camsylate is also a respiratory stimulant used for respiratory failure, as Etamiphyllin camsylate relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles, thereby opening up the airways to relieve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease .
|
-
- HY-N0757R
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
8-O-Acetylharpagide (Standard) is the analytical standard of 8-O-Acetylharpagide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 8-O-Acetylharpagide is an iridoid isolated from Ajuga reptans with antitumoral, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. 8-O-Acetylharpagide also has a biological activity on isolated smooth muscle preparations from guinea pig .
|
-
- HY-N4323
-
|
|
Calcium Channel
Apoptosis
Caspase
|
Neurological Disease
Metabolic Disease
|
|
14-Deoxyandrographolide is a diterpene with calcium channel blocking activity and acts as a uterine smooth muscle relaxant. 14-Deoxyandrographolide stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells. 14-Deoxyandrographolide gradually desensitizes liver cells to TNF-α mediated apoptosis by inducing the release of TNFRSF1A .
|
-
- HY-B0230S2
-
|
|
COX
|
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Phenylbutazone- 13C12 is the 13C12 labeled Phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research.
|
-
- HY-126127
-
|
|
Histamine Receptor
|
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
BRL 22321 free base is a stabilizer with similar mast cell stabilizing activity to Cromolyn sodium (HY-B0320A) and also has some smooth muscle relaxant activity. BRL 22321 free base is more potent than Cromolyn sodium (HY-B0320A) in inhibiting rat passive cutaneous and peritoneal anaphylaxis and antigen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized rat peritoneal cells .
|
-
- HY-B0230S
-
|
|
COX
|
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Phenylbutazone(diphenyl-d10) is the deuterium labeled Phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research[1][2].
|
-
- HY-B0230S1
-
|
|
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
COX
|
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Phenylbutazone-d9 is the deuterium labeled Phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research[1][2].
|
-
- HY-N0284
-
|
|
PI3K
Akt
|
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
Esculetin is an active ingredient extracted mainly from the bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Esculetin inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) phenotype switching through inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. Esculetin has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor activities .
|
-
- HY-126410R
-
|
|
FAK
|
Metabolic Disease
|
|
Petunidin (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Petunidin (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Petunidin chloride is an O-methylated anthocyanidin derived from delphinidin. Petunidin chloride binds with and suppresses the activity of focal adhesion kinase and to inhibit platelet-derived growth factor-induced aortic smooth muscle cell migration, which may confer a protective effect against atherosclerosis.
|
-
- HY-17037R
-
|
|
mAChR
|
Metabolic Disease
Cancer
|
|
Pirenzepine (dihydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pirenzepine (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pirenzepine (LS 519) dihydrochloride is a selective M1 mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) antagonist. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm, can be used in peptic ulcers research. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride shows anti-proliferative activity to cancer cells .
|
-
- HY-108047
-
|
|
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
|
Metabolic Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
MK-0873 is a selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor. MK-0873 increases intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) by inhibiting the activity of the PDE4 enzyme and subsequently activates protein kinase A (PKA). Activated PKA inhibits the activity of inflammatory cells and leads to direct relaxation of airway smooth muscle. MK-0873 can be used in studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) .
|
-
- HY-B0230R
-
|
|
COX
|
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Phenylbutazone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenylbutazone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research .
|
-
- HY-105651AR
-
|
|
Others
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Butalamine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Butalamine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Butalamine (hydrochloride) is a peripheral vasodilator with local anesthetic effects. :Butalamine (hydrochloride) can produce in animals coronary vasodilation, local anaesthesia, analgesia and a papaverine like action in duodenal preparations. Butalamine (hydrochloride) causes a slowing in rate of spontaneous activity, a decrease in amplitude and a reduction in isolated human smooth muscle .
|
-
- HY-150270
-
|
|
P2X Receptor
|
Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
NP-1815-PX is a potent and selective P2X4R antagonist. NP-1815-PX has anti-inflammatory activity, and can relieve pain in chronic pain models. NP-1815-PX also inhibits guinea pig tracheal/bronchial smooth muscle (TSM and BSM) contractions .
|
-
- HY-150270A
-
|
|
P2X Receptor
|
Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
NP-1815-PX sodium is a potent and selective P2X4R antagonist. NP-1815-PX sodium has anti-inflammatory activity, and can relieve pain in chronic pain models. NP-1815-PX sodium also inhibits guinea pig tracheal/bronchial smooth muscle (TSM and BSM) contractions .
|
-
- HY-B0167AR
-
|
|
COX
NF-κB
Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Autophagy
Apoptosis
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
Sodium Salicylate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sodium Salicylate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sodium Salicylate (Salicylic acid sodium salt) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation . Sodium Salicylate is also a S6K inhibitor.Sodium Salicylate is a NF-κB inhibitor that decreases inflammatory gene expression and improves repair in aged muscle .
|
-
- HY-N0485
-
|
|
Autophagy
Mitophagy
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Liensinine Diperchlorate is a major isoquinoline alkaloid, extracted from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Liensinine Diperchlorate inhibits late-stage autophagy/mitophagy through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Liensinine Diperchlorate has a wide range of biological activities, including anti-arrhythmias, anti-hypertension, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, relaxation on vascular smooth muscle, etc .
|
-
- HY-B1640
-
|
Etacrynic acid
|
Glutathione S-transferase
NF-κB
Calcium Channel
NO Synthase
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
Ethacrynic acid has anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. Ethacrynic acid is an orally active diuretic. Ethacrynic acid is an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) and Wnt signaling pathways. Ethacrynic acid is a radiosensitizer. Ethacrynic acid can inhibit airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction in mice. Ethacrynic acid can increase the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye for the study of glaucoma .
|
-
- HY-106523
-
|
KT 210; K 351; Hypadil
|
Adrenergic Receptor
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Nipradolol (KT-210; K-351) is a potent blocker of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Nipradolol inhibits the increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) in an albino rabbit model induced by Phenylephrine (HY-B0769). Nipradolo suppresses the noradrenaline (NA)-induced muscles contraction, also exhibits vasodilator activity on the dog coronary artery .
|
-
- HY-P99588
-
|
MYO-029
|
TGF-β Receptor
|
Metabolic Disease
|
|
Stamulumab (MYO-029) is a recombinant human IgG1λ antibody that binds to myostatin and neutralizes its activity by preventing binding to its endogenous high-affinity receptor ActRIIB. Stamulumab leads to muscle fiber hypertrophy and not hyperplasia in SCID mice. Stamulumab has the potential for Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD), and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) research .
|
-
- HY-137378A
-
|
|
Others
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
8-Br-PET-cGMP is an agonist of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI). 8-Br-PET-cGMP promotes the dimerization of cGKI and activates its catalytic activity by binding to the regulatory domain of cGKI. 8-Br-PET-cGMP can be used to study the role of cGMP signaling pathways in cell growth, vasodilation, and smooth muscle cell function .
|
-
- HY-118350
-
|
|
Others
|
Neurological Disease
|
|
FR 75513 is a 1,1'-biphenyl-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diester series compound that can inhibit the contraction of the detrusor muscle of guinea pig bladder (IC50=3.3 μg/mL). After intravenous injection of FR 75513 into anesthetized rats, it also showed strong inhibitory activity on the detrusor contraction (ID50=0.04 mg/kg).
|
-
- HY-N4323R
-
|
|
Calcium Channel
Apoptosis
Caspase
|
Neurological Disease
Metabolic Disease
|
|
14-Deoxyandrographolide (Standard) is the analytical standard of 14-Deoxyandrographolide. 14-Deoxyandrographolide is a diterpene with calcium channel blocking activity and acts as a uterine smooth muscle relaxant. 14-Deoxyandrographolide stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells. 14-Deoxyandrographolide gradually desensitizes liver cells to TNF-α mediated apoptosis by inducing the release of TNFRSF1A .
|
-
- HY-107909
-
|
1,3-Dimethylxanthine sodium glycinate; Theo-24 sodium glycinate
|
Adenosine Receptor
HDAC
Apoptosis
Interleukin Related
TNF Receptor
|
Cancer
|
|
Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium glycinate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline sodium glycinate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline sodium glycinate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline sodium glycinate induces apoptosis. Theophylline sodium glycinate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research .
|
-
- HY-N0252
-
|
(+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine
|
Calcium Channel
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Neurological Disease
Cancer
|
|
Catharanthine ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine), a constituent of anticancer vinca alkaloids, inhibits voltage-operated L-type Ca 2+ channel (VOCC). Catharanthine has IC50s of 220 μM and 8 μM for VOCC currents in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. Catharanthine lowers blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR). Catharanthine has anti-cancer activity .
|
-
- HY-77813
-
|
|
Bacterial
Apoptosis
Antibiotic
Parasite
Autophagy
Reactive Oxygen Species
|
Infection
Endocrinology
Cancer
|
|
Benzyl isothiocyanate is an orally available isothiocyanate with bactericidal, anticancer, antiangiogenic and anthelmintic activities. Benzyl isothiocyanate exerts anticancer functions by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. In addition, Benzyl isothiocyanate can enhance muscle insulin sensitivity to improve obesity-induced hyperglycemia .
|
-
- HY-B1695R
-
|
|
Others
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Methyl nicotinate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methyl nicotinate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methyl nicotinate (Nicotinic acid methyl ester) is an orally active vasodilator. Methyl nicotinate has analgesic activity. Methyl nicotinate causes local skin erythema when applied topically to the skin. Methyl nicotinate is used as an active ingredient in over-the-counter topical preparations for the study of muscle and joint pain .
|
-
- HY-B2141
-
|
|
NO Synthase
HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Others
Metabolic Disease
|
|
Bendazol is an orally effective antihypertensive agent. Bendazol acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to dilate blood vessels and reduce peripheral resistance, thereby improving blood circulation. Bendazol significantly inhibits the development of myopia in rabbit models. Bendazol can regulate kidney function by increasing the activity of NO synthase in the rat model of nephrogenic hypertension. In addition, Bendazol has an effect on sexual behavior and spermatogenesis in male rats .
|
-
- HY-N2787
-
|
|
Apoptosis
|
Cancer
|
|
8-prenylnaringenin is a prenylflavonoid isolated from hop cones Humulus lupulus, with cytotoxicity. 8-prenylnaringenin has anti-proliferative activity against HCT-116 colon cancer cells via induction of intrinsic and extrinsic pathway-mediated apoptosis. 8-Prenylnaringenin also promotes recovery from immobilization-induced disuse muscle atrophy through activation of the Akt phosphorylation pathway in mice .
|
-
- HY-17037S1
-
|
LS 519-d8 dihydrochloride; Pirenzepin-d8 dihydrochloride; Gastrozepin-d8 dihydrochloride
|
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
mAChR
|
Cancer
|
|
Pirenzepine-d8 (LS 519-d8; Pirenzepin-d8) dihydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Pirenzepine (dihydrochloride) (HY-17037). Pirenzepine (LS 519) dihydrochloride is a selective M1 mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) antagonist. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm, can be used in peptic ulcers research. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride shows anti-proliferative activity to cancer cells .
|
-
- HY-14744B
-
|
(S)-Amlodipine hydrochloride; Levoamlodipine hydrochloride
|
Calcium Channel
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Levamlodipine hydrochloride (Levoamlodipine hydrochloride) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. Levamlodipine hydrochloride reduces the inflow of calcium ions by blocking L-type calcium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby leading to vasodilation, lower blood pressure and lighten the burden on the heart. Levamlodipine hydrochloride has activity to lower blood pressure and relieve angina. The binding properties of Levamlodipine hydrochloride to human serum albumin (HSA) contribute to the study of drug transport and release mechanisms in the body .
|
-
- HY-P10617
-
|
|
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Salusin-β is an endogenous bioactive peptide with significant hemodynamic and mitogenic activity. Salusin-β can stimulate the proliferation of quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and fibroblasts, leading to a rapid and significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. In addition, Salusin-β can stimulate the release of arginine vasopressin from the pituitary gland in rats. This makes Salusin-β have important application potential in cardiovascular disease research .
|
-
- HY-N0284R
-
|
|
PI3K
Akt
|
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
Esculetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Esculetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Esculetin is an active ingredient extracted mainly from the bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Esculetin inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) phenotype switching through inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. Esculetin has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor activities .
|
-
- HY-B0347
-
|
|
Calcium Channel
Reactive Oxygen Species
Caspase
Apoptosis
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI) .
|
-
- HY-N0252A
-
|
(+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine Tartrate
|
Calcium Channel
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Neurological Disease
Cancer
|
|
Catharanthine ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine) Tartrate, a constituent of anticancer vinca alkaloids, inhibits voltage-operated L-type Ca 2+ channel (VOCC). Catharanthine Tartrate has IC50s of 220 μM and 8 μM for VOCC currents in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. Catharanthine Tartrate lowers blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR). Catharanthine Tartrate has anti-cancer activity .
|
-
- HY-N0252B
-
|
(+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine Sulfate
|
Calcium Channel
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Neurological Disease
Cancer
|
|
Catharanthine ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine) Sulfate, a constituent of anticancer vinca alkaloids, inhibits voltage-operated L-type Ca 2+ channel (VOCC). Catharanthine Sulfate has IC50s of 220 μM and 8 μM for VOCC currents in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. Catharanthine Sulfate lowers blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR). Catharanthine Sulfate has anti-cancer activity .
|
-
- HY-152696
-
|
|
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
|
Others
|
|
6-O-Methylinosine is a hypoxanthine analogue. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
|
-
- HY-120485
-
|
IRFI-016
|
p38 MAPK
ERK
PKC
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Raxofelast (IRFI-016) is an antioxidant agent in various models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Raxofelast has antiproliferative activity in H2O2-stimulated rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Raxofelast attenuates the activation of mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK), ERK kinase 1, 2 (MEK1,2) and protein kinase C (PKC) without affecting Ras expression .
|
-
- HY-N2464
-
|
Amylotetraose; Fujioligo 450; α-1,4-Tetraglucose
|
TNF Receptor
Endogenous Metabolite
Bacterial
Integrin
NF-κB
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Maltotetraose can serve as a substrate for enzyme-linked assays to measure amylase activity in biological fluids. Maltotetraose has oral active, and reduces TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB activity and decreasing ICAM-1 expression. Maltotetraose also inhibits PDGF-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and neovascularization. Additionally, Maltotetraose derivatives can function as probes for detecting bacterial infections by targeting the maltodextrin transporter. With good long-term safety, Maltotetraose holds promise for research in atherosclerosis-related diseases .
|
-
- HY-W039271
-
|
2-Chloro-6-O-methyl-inosine
|
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
|
Cancer
|
|
2-Chloro-6-methoxypurine riboside is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
|
-
- HY-154017
-
|
|
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
|
Cancer
|
|
2′-C-Methyl-6-O-methylinosine is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
|
-
- HY-W116433
-
|
|
Others
|
Neurological Disease
|
|
SK609 is a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist with activity that improves dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the cerebral cortex. SK609 has been successfully used to suppress dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease models and alleviated muscle twitches induced by L-dopa. SK609 improved performance in sustained attention tasks by significantly reducing misses and false alarms. SK609 may provide an inhibitory option for suppressing movement and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease .
|
-
- HY-122294
-
|
|
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Neurological Disease
|
|
Rociverine is an anticholinergic compound with smooth muscle relaxant activity. Rociverine showed different binding modes in five cloned muscarinic receptors. The cis stereoisomer of Rociverine showed a higher affinity change compared to the trans stereoisomer. The (1R,2R) configuration of Rociverine showed significantly higher affinity, even up to 240 times. The (1S,2S) configuration of Rociverine is very important for binding selectivity .
|
-
- HY-12403
-
|
TXA127; Angiotensin (1-7); Ang-(1-7)
|
Angiotensin Receptor
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
Endocrinology
Cancer
|
|
Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) is an endogenous heptapeptide from the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with a cardioprotective role due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in cardiac cells. Angiotensin 1-7 inhibits purified canine ACE activity (IC50=0.65 μM). Angiotensin 1-7 acts as a local synergistic modulator of kinin-induced vasodilation by inhibiting ACE and releasing nitric oxide. Angiotensin 1-7 blocks Ang II-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and hypertrophy and shows antiangiogenic and growth-inhibitory effects on the endothelium. Angiotensin 1-7 shows anti-inflammatory activity .
|
-
- HY-B0809
-
|
1,3-Dimethylxanthine; Theo-24
|
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Adenosine Receptor
HDAC
Apoptosis
Interleukin Related
TNF Receptor
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cancer
|
|
Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research .
|
-
- HY-N4267
-
|
|
Calcium Channel
|
Infection
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Yangambin, a furofuran lignan, is already isolated from plants such as member of the Annonaceae family, including species of the genus Rollinia: R. pickeli, R. exalbidaand R. mucosa, as well from the Magnolia biondii. Yangambin, a selective PAF receptor antagonist, inhibits Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels, leading to the reduction in [Ca 2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells and consequent peripheral vasodilation . Yangambin exhibits the antiallergic activity against β-hexosaminidase release with an IC50 of 33.8 μM and for anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 37.4 μM .
|
-
- HY-12403A
-
|
TXA127 acetate; Angiotensin (1-7) acetate; Ang-(1-7) acetate
|
Angiotensin Receptor
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
Endocrinology
Cancer
|
|
Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) acetate is an endogenous heptapeptide from the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with a cardioprotective role due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in cardiac cells. Angiotensin 1-7 acetate inhibits purified canine ACE activity (IC50=0.65 μM). Angiotensin 1-7 acetate acts as a local synergistic modulator of kinin-induced vasodilation by inhibiting ACE and releasing nitric oxide. Angiotensin 1-7 acetate blocks Ang II-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and hypertrophy and shows antiangiogenic and growth-inhibitory effects on the endothelium .
|
-
- HY-B0809B
-
|
1,3-Dimethylxanthine sodium acetate; Theo-24 sodium acetate
|
Endogenous Metabolite
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Adenosine Receptor
HDAC
Apoptosis
Interleukin Related
TNF Receptor
|
Cancer
|
|
Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research .
|
-
- HY-B0809A
-
|
1,3-Dimethylxanthine monohydrate; Theo-24 monohydrate
|
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Adenosine Receptor
HDAC
Apoptosis
Interleukin Related
TNF Receptor
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cancer
|
|
Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) monohydrate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research .
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-
- HY-154393
-
|
|
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
|
Cancer
|
|
2-Chloro-2'-deoxy-6-O-methylinosine is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
|
-
- HY-N0252R
-
|
|
Calcium Channel
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Neurological Disease
Cancer
|
|
Catharanthine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Catharanthine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Catharanthine ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine), a constituent of anticancer vinca alkaloids, inhibits voltage-operated L-type Ca2+ channel (VOCC). Catharanthine has IC50s of 220 μM and 8 μM for VOCC currents in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. Catharanthine lowers blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR). Catharanthine has anti-cancer activity .
|
-
- HY-167689
-
|
|
Others
|
Neurological Disease
|
|
Parethoxycaine hydrochloride is an anesthetic with nerve conduction blocking activity. Parethoxycaine hydrochloride exhibits non-selective inhibitory effects on responses to various stimulants in rat vas deferens and guinea pig ileum muscles. Parethoxycaine hydrochloride has an enhanced effect on the action of norepinephrine, and its methyl bromide derivative also exhibits the same properties on the action of norepinephrine and potassium ions. Derivatives of parethoxycaine hydrochloride have significant effects on calcium dose-response curves, displaying different tissue and stimulant selectivities. The mechanism of action of Parethoxycaine hydrochloride involves the regulation of calcium transport processes .
|
-
- HY-B0347S1
-
|
|
Apoptosis
Caspase
Calcium Channel
Reactive Oxygen Species
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Lacidipine- 13C8 is the deuterium labeled Lacidipine[1]. Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI)[2][3].
|
-
- HY-152678
-
|
|
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
|
Cancer
|
|
6-Methoxypurine-9-β-D-5’(R)-C-methylriboside is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
|
-
- HY-W141392
-
|
|
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
|
Cancer
|
|
2'-Fluoro-5'-O-DMT-2'-deoxyinosine-3'-CE-phosphoramidite is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
|
-
- HY-W392836
-
|
|
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
|
Cancer
|
|
2'-O-Methyl-5'-O-dmt-inosine-3'-CE-phosphoramidite is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
|
-
- HY-B0347S3
-
|
|
Calcium Channel
Caspase
Reactive Oxygen Species
Apoptosis
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Lacidipine- 13C4 is 13C labeled Lacidipine (HY-B0347). Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI) .
|
-
- HY-B0347R
-
|
|
Calcium Channel
Reactive Oxygen Species
Caspase
Apoptosis
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Lacidipine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lacidipine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI) .
|
-
- HY-B0809R
-
|
1,3-Dimethylxanthine(Standard); Theo-24 (Standard)
|
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Adenosine Receptor
HDAC
Apoptosis
Interleukin Related
TNF Receptor
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cancer
|
|
Theophylline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Theophylline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research .
|
-
- HY-B0809S1
-
|
1,3-Dimethylxanthine-d3; Theo-24-d3
|
Endogenous Metabolite
Adenosine Receptor
HDAC
TNF Receptor
Interleukin Related
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Apoptosis
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
|
Cancer
|
|
Theophylline-d3 is deuterated labeled Theophylline (HY-B0809). Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research .
|
-
- HY-113443
-
|
|
AP-1
|
Metabolic Disease
|
|
12(S)-HPETE is a 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. 12(S)-HPETE has the function of regulating vascular tone. 12(S)-HPETE induces the expression of c-Fos and c-Jun protein and increases activating protein 1 (AP-1) activity in vascular smooth muscle cells.12(S)-HPETE may play a physiological role in vasomotor regulation through endothelium itself and crosstalk between blood cells and endothelium. 12(S)-HPETE can be used in the study of cerebrovascular tension .
|
-
- HY-N7857
-
|
19(R)-Hydroxy PGF2α
|
Others
|
Metabolic Disease
|
|
19(R)-Hydroxy-prostaglandin F2α (19(R)-hydroxy PGF2α) is an ω-1 hydroxylase metabolite of PGF2α found in human semen. The concentration of 19(R)-Hydroxy-PGFs compounds (F2α and F1α together) in fresh human semen is about 20 μg/mL. 19(R)-Hydroxy-prostaglandin F2α exhibits no activity at the FP receptor of the cat iris sphincter muscle at concentrations up to 1 μM.
|
-
- HY-N0097R
-
|
|
HSV
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Infection
|
|
Guanosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Guanosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Guanosine (DL-Guanosine) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine possesses anti-HSV activity.
In Vitro: Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). These forms play important roles in various biochemical processes such as synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and intracellular signal transduction (cGMP).
|
-
- HY-W040255
-
|
PGPC
|
Biochemical Assay Reagents
|
|
|
1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) is a bioactive molecule that has the activity of inducing inflammation, proliferation or apoptosis. 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine can be used as an important tool to study the response of vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. The application areas of 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine include the mechanism research of inflammation-related diseases and compound development.
|
-
- HY-112417
-
|
|
PDGFR
FLT3
Apoptosis
Akt
PERK
Bcl-2 Family
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
|
|
Ki11502 is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that selectively inhibits the activity of PDGF β/α receptors with IC50 values less than 10 nM. Ki11502 selectively inhibits PDGF β receptor phosphorylation, proliferation, and proteoglycan synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Ki11502 can induce Apoptosis) and exhibits profound antiproliferative effects on select subsets of leukemia, including those with Imatinib (HY-15463) resistant mutations. Ki11502 is highly suitable for studying the role of PDGF in vascular diseases, particularly the role of proteoglycans in atherosclerosis .
|
-
- HY-W753806
-
|
UK 33274 hydrochloride
|
Others
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Doxazosin hydrochloride (UK 33274 hydrochloride) is a compound used to inhibit hypertension and prostate hyperplasia, with activity that inhibits postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle. Doxazosin hydrochloride can cause vasodilation, thereby reducing peripheral vascular resistance. Doxazosin hydrochloride was found to inhibit the proliferation and migration of hepatic stellate cells in a mouse liver fibrosis model. Doxazosin hydrochloride regulates fibrosis, autophagy, and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Doxazosin hydrochloride also blocks autophagic flux and induces apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells .
|
-
- HY-115314
-
|
LG 30435
|
Histamine Receptor
|
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Mequitamium iodide (LG 30435) is an antihistamine drug with antiallergic and bronchodilatory activity. Mequitamium iodide can effectively antagonize airway contraction and inflammatory responses induced by histamine and antigens. Mequitamium iodide has nanomolar affinity for the H1 and smooth muscle receptors of histamine and mequitin. Mequitamium iodide, when administered in aerosol form, significantly inhibits histamine- and antigen-induced increases in airway pressure in allergic mice. Mequitamium iodide reduces antigen-induced eosinophil accumulation in the airways. Mequitamium iodide also exhibits inhibitory effects on PAF-induced platelet aggregation and bronchoconstriction, and can be used in the study of allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma .
|
-
- HY-W339833
-
|
|
Biochemical Assay Reagents
|
|
|
1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium is a kind of activity that promotes platelet aggregation and stimulates smooth muscle contraction. 1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium can enhance cell chemotaxis and cytoskeletal rearrangement. 1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium can also promote Ca2+ mobilization and neurotransmitter release. 1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium also has a certain effect on cell proliferation.
|
-
- HY-12379
-
|
|
Guanylate Cyclase
|
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
NS-2028 is a highly selective soluble Guanylyl Cyclase (sGC) inhibitor with IC50 values of 30 nM and 200 nM for basal and NO-stimulated enzyme activity . NS-2028 inhibits soluble Guanylyl Cyclase activity in homogenates of mouse cerebellum and neuronal NO synthase with IC50 values of 17 nM and 20 nM . NS-2028 inhibits 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1)-elicited formation of cyclic GMP in human cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50 of 30 nM . NS-2028 is commonly used in the research of nitric oxide signaling pathways, it inhibits NO-dependent relaxant responses in non-vascular smooth muscle completely (1 μM) . NS-2028 reduces vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and permeability .
|
-
- HY-N1993
-
|
|
Cytochrome P450
|
Metabolic Disease
|
|
5-Methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone is an orally active anti-oxidant with remyelinating activity. 5-Methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone inhibits the enzyme aromatase, interfering with the normal metabolic pathways of testosterone. 5-Methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone is a non-steroidal anabolic isoflavone, used as a anabolic agent. 5-Methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone shows better potency increasing muscle mass and endurance than Ipriflavone (HY-N0094). 5-Methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone can be used for fat loss besides the maintenance of low cholesterol level and strengthen bones .
|
-
- HY-P3849
-
|
LMN-NKA
|
Neurokinin Receptor
|
Neurological Disease
|
|
[Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]Neurokinin A(4-10) (LMN-NKA), an analogue of Neurokinin A, is a selective and potent NK2R agonist. [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]Neurokinin A(4-10) has prokinetic activity. [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]Neurokinin A(4-10) can be used to study the roles of the NK-2 receptor in smooth muscle contraction in numerous tissues .
|
-
![[Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]Neurokinin A(4-10)](//file.medchemexpress.eu/product_pic/hy-p3849.gif)
- HY-149727
-
|
|
Adrenergic Receptor
|
Metabolic Disease
|
|
β2AR agonist 2(compound 8a) is a β2 -Adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonist. β2AR agonist 2 is a saturated nitrogen ring compound containing 4- to 7-membered heterocycle. β2AR agonist 2 has a chiral structure (the -R form) by carrying carbon containing the essential hydroxyl, thereby enhancing cellular glucose uptake (GU) activity and significantly stimulating glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells. β2AR agonist 2 can be used in the study of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) .
|
-
- HY-126638
-
|
NSC 324645
|
Parasite
|
Infection
|
|
Marcfortine A is an indole alkaloid originally isolated from P. roqueforti. It has nematocidal activity against the parasitic nematode H. contortus (LD99=0.06 μg/mL) and inhibits motility of adult worms (EC50=2 μM). Marcfortine A eliminates H. contortus, T. colubriformis, and O. ostertagi from experimentally infected jirds (ED95s=0.33, 0.11, and 2.5 mg/animal, respectively). It dose-dependently inhibits nicotine-induced calcium mobilization in SH-SY5Y and TE-671 cells expressing α3 subunit-containing human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and muscle-type nAChRs, respectively.
|
-
- HY-N0448
-
|
|
AMPK
Reactive Oxygen Species
Akt
PI3K
Interleukin Related
TNF Receptor
Apoptosis
|
Inflammation/Immunology
Cancer
|
|
10-Gingerol is an AMPK agonist, which is found in the ginger oleoresin from fresh rhizome with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol suppresses neointimal hyperplasia and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. 10-Gingerol exhibits substantial scavenging activities with an IC50 value of 10.47 μM against DPPH radical, an IC50 value of 1.68 μM against superoxide radical and an IC50 value of 1.35 μM against hydroxyl radical. 10-Gingerol inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line with an IC50 of 12.1 μM. 10-Gingerol suppresses the proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis through targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231/IR cells. 10-Gingerol is promising for research of ulcerative colitis .
|
-
- HY-W012722
-
|
α-Ketoisocaproic acid
|
Endogenous Metabolite
Autophagy
mTOR
SOD
|
Neurological Disease
Metabolic Disease
|
|
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of L-leucine and is involved in energy metabolism. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and insulin resistance by impairing mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid also causes oxidative damage, leading to cognitive deficits, inhibits α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity, acts as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler and metabolic inhibitor. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid acts as a nutrient signal and stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid can be used in the study of maple syrup urine disease .
|
-
-
-
HY-L186
-
|
|
54 compounds
|
|
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allows a neuron's electrical signal to pass to a postsynaptic neuron or effect target. Neurotransmitters include amino acids, monoamines, and peptides, while other neurotransmitters are composed of metabolites such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. The function of neurotransmitters is closely related to the disease of life, helping to regulate the body's heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, sleep, aging and muscle activity. Therefore, research based on neurotransmitters can help to increase human understanding of diseases.
MCE collects and organizes 54 neurotransmitters and is a tool library for drug screening and mechanism research.
|
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Type |
-
- HY-13441G
-
|
|
Fluorescent Dye
|
|
(-)-Blebbistatin (GMP) is (-)-Blebbistatin (HY-13441) produced by using GMP guidelines. (-)-Blebbistatin (GMP) is a selective inhibitor of the ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II .
|
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Type |
-
- HY-B0282A
-
|
ACh bromide
|
Biochemical Assay Reagents
|
|
Acetylcholine bromide is an organic choline salt compound commonly used in neurophysiology and pharmacology experiments. It plays an important role in the nervous system, acting as a neurotransmitter that transmits signals and regulates many important physiological functions. Due to its special biological activity, Acetylcholine bromide is widely used in the study of neurotransmitters, nerve damage and muscle movement.
|
-
- HY-13441G
-
|
|
Biochemical Assay Reagents
|
|
(-)-Blebbistatin (GMP) is (-)-Blebbistatin (HY-13441) produced by using GMP guidelines. (-)-Blebbistatin (GMP) is a selective inhibitor of the ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II .
|
-
- HY-W040255
-
|
PGPC
|
Cell Assay Reagents
|
|
1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) is a bioactive molecule that has the activity of inducing inflammation, proliferation or apoptosis. 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine can be used as an important tool to study the response of vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. The application areas of 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine include the mechanism research of inflammation-related diseases and compound development.
|
-
- HY-W339833
-
|
|
Cell Assay Reagents
|
|
1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium is a kind of activity that promotes platelet aggregation and stimulates smooth muscle contraction. 1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium can enhance cell chemotaxis and cytoskeletal rearrangement. 1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium can also promote Ca2+ mobilization and neurotransmitter release. 1-Myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium also has a certain effect on cell proliferation.
|
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Target |
Research Area |
-
- HY-12403
-
|
TXA127; Angiotensin (1-7); Ang-(1-7)
|
Angiotensin Receptor
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
Endocrinology
Cancer
|
|
Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) is an endogenous heptapeptide from the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with a cardioprotective role due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in cardiac cells. Angiotensin 1-7 inhibits purified canine ACE activity (IC50=0.65 μM). Angiotensin 1-7 acts as a local synergistic modulator of kinin-induced vasodilation by inhibiting ACE and releasing nitric oxide. Angiotensin 1-7 blocks Ang II-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and hypertrophy and shows antiangiogenic and growth-inhibitory effects on the endothelium. Angiotensin 1-7 shows anti-inflammatory activity .
|
-
- HY-12403A
-
|
TXA127 acetate; Angiotensin (1-7) acetate; Ang-(1-7) acetate
|
Angiotensin Receptor
Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
Endogenous Metabolite
|
Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
Endocrinology
Cancer
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Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) acetate is an endogenous heptapeptide from the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with a cardioprotective role due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in cardiac cells. Angiotensin 1-7 acetate inhibits purified canine ACE activity (IC50=0.65 μM). Angiotensin 1-7 acetate acts as a local synergistic modulator of kinin-induced vasodilation by inhibiting ACE and releasing nitric oxide. Angiotensin 1-7 acetate blocks Ang II-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and hypertrophy and shows antiangiogenic and growth-inhibitory effects on the endothelium .
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- HY-P3849
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LMN-NKA
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Neurokinin Receptor
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Neurological Disease
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[Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]Neurokinin A(4-10) (LMN-NKA), an analogue of Neurokinin A, is a selective and potent NK2R agonist. [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]Neurokinin A(4-10) has prokinetic activity. [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]Neurokinin A(4-10) can be used to study the roles of the NK-2 receptor in smooth muscle contraction in numerous tissues .
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- HY-P10549
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Endogenous Metabolite
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Neurological Disease
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NGFFFamide is a muscle-active neuropeptide found in sea urchins. NGFFFamide regulates muscle activity by directly interacting with receptor proteins on muscle cells, or indirectly by stimulating nerves or other cell types to release muscle-active factors. NGFFFamide can be used to study muscle contraction and relaxation .
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- HY-P10528
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Peptides
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Others
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Echinotocin is a neuropeptide found in sea urchins that has muscle contractile activity. Echinotocin can cause contractions of the tube feet and esophagus of sea urchins. Echinotocin can be used to study the role of neuropeptides in invertebrate physiology and behavior .
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- HY-P10346
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Smooth-Muscle Myosin Light-Chain Kinase (796-815)
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Peptides
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Cardiovascular Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
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smMLCK peptide is a specific inhibitor of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK). The smMLCK peptide mimics the substrate and competitively inhibits the binding of the actual substrate to the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the kinase activity. This inhibition prevents the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain, thus inhibiting muscle contraction .
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- HY-P2087
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Insecticide
Parasite
Bacterial
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Infection
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Bassianolide is a cyclooligomer depsipeptide secondary metabolite. Bassianolide is an insecticidal virulence factor of Beauveria bassiana. Bassianolide inhibits acetylcholine-induced smooth muscle contraction, and shows moderate antiplasmodial and anti-mycobacterial activities .
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- HY-P10267
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Bombesin Receptor
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Neurological Disease
Inflammation/Immunology
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Neuromedin B-30 is the neuropeptide, which is orignally isolated from porcine brain and spinal cord. , and may exhibit activity in stimulating smooth-muscle. Neuromedin B causes local vasodilation, increases vascular permeability and local hyperalgesia, thereby participating in neurogenic inflammation. Neuromedin B regulates appetite, body temperature, and behavioral responses to stress. Neuromedin B is also involved in regulating smooth muscle contraction and secretory function in the gastrointestinal tract .
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- HY-P10616
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Peptides
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Salusin-α is an endogenous bioactive peptide with hemodynamic and cell proliferation activities. Salusin-α can stimulate the proliferation of quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and fibroblasts, leading to a rapid and significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, but its effect is weaker than that of Salusin-β (HY-P10617). Salusin-α has potential application value in cardiovascular disease research .
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- HY-P10617
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Endogenous Metabolite
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Salusin-β is an endogenous bioactive peptide with significant hemodynamic and mitogenic activity. Salusin-β can stimulate the proliferation of quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and fibroblasts, leading to a rapid and significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. In addition, Salusin-β can stimulate the release of arginine vasopressin from the pituitary gland in rats. This makes Salusin-β have important application potential in cardiovascular disease research .
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| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Target |
Research Area |
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- HY-P99857
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PF-06252616
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TGF-beta/Smad
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Metabolic Disease
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Domagrozumab is an anti-myostatin humanized monoclonal antibody with a KD value of 2.6 pM for human myostatin. Domagrozumab induces muscle anabolic activity. Domagrozumab can be used in research of duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) .
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- HY-P99588
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MYO-029
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TGF-β Receptor
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Metabolic Disease
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Stamulumab (MYO-029) is a recombinant human IgG1λ antibody that binds to myostatin and neutralizes its activity by preventing binding to its endogenous high-affinity receptor ActRIIB. Stamulumab leads to muscle fiber hypertrophy and not hyperplasia in SCID mice. Stamulumab has the potential for Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD), and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) research .
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| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Category |
Target |
Chemical Structure |
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Chemical Structure |
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- HY-B1462S
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Chlorzoxazone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Chlorzoxazone. Chlorzoxazone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used to treat muscle spasm and the resulting pain or discomfort. It acts on the spinal cord by depressing reflexes.Chlorzoxazone is currently being used as a marker substrate in vitro/vivo studies to quantify cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity in humans.
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- HY-B0678S
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Metaxalone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Metaxalone. Metaxalone (AHR438; NSC170959) is an FDA-approved muscle relaxant. Metaxalone acts mainly on the central nervous system and achieves muscle relaxation by inhibiting polysynaptic reflex arcs. In addition, Metaxalone is an inhibitor of MAO-A, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Metaxalone inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory phenotype, modulates NF-κB and other related signaling pathways, and decreases MAO-A expression and activity in IL-1β-treated microglia .
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- HY-B0230S2
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Phenylbutazone- 13C12 is the 13C12 labeled Phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research.
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- HY-B0230S
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Phenylbutazone(diphenyl-d10) is the deuterium labeled Phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research[1][2].
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- HY-B0740S3
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Cyclobenzaprine-d3-1 hydrochloride (MK130-d3-1 hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (HY-B0740). Cyclobenzaprine (MK130) hydrochloride is an orally active 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride acts centrally, providing skeletal muscle relaxation, alleviating muscle spasms, and reducing pain. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride has antiprotozoal activity. Additionally, Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride also possesses antiparasitic activity. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride holds promise for research in the fields of acute, painful skeletal muscle disorders and infectious diseases
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- HY-Y0017S
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L-Norleucine-d9 is the deuterium labeled L-Norleucine. L-Norleucine ((S)-2-Aminohexanoic acid) is an isomer of leucine, specifically affects protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, and has antivirus activity.
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- HY-B0678S1
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Metaxalone-d6 is deuterium labeled Metaxalone. Metaxalone (AHR438; NSC170959) is an FDA-approved muscle relaxant. Metaxalone acts mainly on the central nervous system and achieves muscle relaxation by inhibiting polysynaptic reflex arcs. In addition, Metaxalone is an inhibitor of MAO-A, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Metaxalone inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory phenotype, modulates NF-κB and other related signaling pathways, and decreases MAO-A expression and activity in IL-1β-treated microglia .
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- HY-B0230S1
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Phenylbutazone-d9 is the deuterium labeled Phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone is an efficient reducing cofactor for the peroxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS). Phenylbutazone, a hepatotoxin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Phenylbutazone induces muscle blind-like protein 1 (MBNL1) expression and has the potential for ankylosing spondylitis research[1][2].
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- HY-17037S1
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Pirenzepine-d8 (LS 519-d8; Pirenzepin-d8) dihydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Pirenzepine (dihydrochloride) (HY-17037). Pirenzepine (LS 519) dihydrochloride is a selective M1 mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) antagonist. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm, can be used in peptic ulcers research. Pirenzepine dihydrochloride shows anti-proliferative activity to cancer cells .
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- HY-B0347S1
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Lacidipine- 13C8 is the deuterium labeled Lacidipine[1]. Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI)[2][3].
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- HY-B0347S3
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Lacidipine- 13C4 is 13C labeled Lacidipine (HY-B0347). Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI) .
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- HY-B0809S1
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Theophylline-d3 is deuterated labeled Theophylline (HY-B0809). Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research .
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| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
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Classification |
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- HY-152696
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Nucleosides and their Analogs
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6-O-Methylinosine is a hypoxanthine analogue. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
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- HY-154017
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Nucleosides and their Analogs
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2′-C-Methyl-6-O-methylinosine is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
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- HY-154393
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Nucleosides and their Analogs
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2-Chloro-2'-deoxy-6-O-methylinosine is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
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- HY-152678
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Nucleosides and their Analogs
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6-Methoxypurine-9-β-D-5’(R)-C-methylriboside is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
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- HY-W141392
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Nucleoside Phosphoramidites
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2'-Fluoro-5'-O-DMT-2'-deoxyinosine-3'-CE-phosphoramidite is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
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- HY-W392836
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Nucleoside Phosphoramidites
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2'-O-Methyl-5'-O-dmt-inosine-3'-CE-phosphoramidite is a hypoxanthine analog. Hypoxanthine is a kind of purine base mainly present in muscle tissue. And it is a metabolite produced by purine oxidase acting on xanthine. Hypoxanthine has typical anti-inflammatory effects and is a potential endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. It is cytoprotective by inhibiting PAPR activity, inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial depolarization and secondary superoxide production. Hypoxanthine can also be used as an indicator of hypoxia .
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