Search Result

Results for "

bone disease

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	Akt (1) Apoptosis (2) Bacterial (1) c-Fms (4) Cannabinoid Receptor (2) Caspase (1) Cathepsin (1) Epoxide Hydrolase (1) ERK (1) FAAH (1) Fat Mass and Obesity-associated Protein (FTO) (1) GSK-3 (1) Interleukin Related (2) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (1) LXR (1) MDM-2/p53 (1) MEK (1) MMP (1) NF-κB (1) Notch (1) PARP (1) PKC (1) RANKL/RANK (1) ROS Kinase (1) SARS-CoV (1) Sodium Channel (1) TGF-β Receptor (2) TNF Receptor (2) TRP Channel (1) VD/VDR (2) Virus Protease (1) Wnt (1) β-catenin (3) γ-secretase (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (20) Cardiovascular Disease (3) Endocrinology (2) Infection (2) Inflammation/Immunology (10) Metabolic Disease (8) Neurological Disease (4)

By Targets:

Akt (1)

Apoptosis (2)

Bacterial (1)

c-Fms (4)

Cannabinoid Receptor (2)

Caspase (1)

Cathepsin (1)

Epoxide Hydrolase (1)

ERK (1)

FAAH (1)

Fat Mass and Obesity-associated Protein (FTO) (1)

GSK-3 (1)

Interleukin Related (2)

Isotope-Labeled Compounds (1)

LXR (1)

MDM-2/p53 (1)

MEK (1)

MMP (1)

NF-κB (1)

Notch (1)

PARP (1)

PKC (1)

RANKL/RANK (1)

ROS Kinase (1)

SARS-CoV (1)

Sodium Channel (1)

TGF-β Receptor (2)

TNF Receptor (2)

TRP Channel (1)

VD/VDR (2)

Virus Protease (1)

Wnt (1)

β-catenin (3)

γ-secretase (1)

By Research Areas:

Cancer (20)

Cardiovascular Disease (3)

Endocrinology (2)

Infection (2)

Inflammation/Immunology (10)

Metabolic Disease (8)

Neurological Disease (4)

Inhibitors & Agonists

Screening Libraries

Peptides

Inhibitory Antibodies

Natural
Products

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-W193545A

ERG240	Others	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
ERG240 is a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase 1 (BCAT1) inhibitor. ERG240 can be used for the research of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and bone disease .

HY-147011

FTO-IN-7	Fat Mass and Obesity-associated Protein (FTO)	Cancer
FTO-IN-7 is an inhibitor of FTO. FTO-IN-7 can be used in study Alzheimer's diseases, breast cancers, small-cell lung cancers,a human bone marrow striated muscle cancer, a pancreatic cancer, malignant glioblastoma .

HY-100701

Dutacatib	Cathepsin SARS-CoV Virus Protease	Infection Cancer
Dutacatib is inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 3CL ^pro and cathepsin K, which exhibits antiviral activity and ameliorates the cancer-induced bone diseases .

HY-145428

BT-GSI	Notch γ-secretase	Cancer
BT-GSI is a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) and a bone-targeted Notch inhibitor. BT-GSI has dual anti-myeloma and anti-resorptive properties, which can be used for the research of multiple myeloma and associated bone disease. BT-GSI inhibits tumor growth and osteolytic disease progression .

HY-161084

CSF1R-IN-18	c-Fms	Neurological Disease Cancer
CSF1R-IN-18 (Compdound 16t), para-aniline derivative, is a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor. CSF1R-IN-18 can be used for the research of cancers, CNS-diseases and bone diseases .

HY-15147

XAV-939 Maximum Cited Publications 121 Publications Verification	β-catenin PARP	Cancer
XAV-939 is a Tankyrase inhibitor. XAV-939 has inhibitory activity for TNKS1 and TNKS2 with IC₅₀ values of 5 nM and 2 nM, respectively. XAV-939 also is an enhancer of osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs. XAV-939 can be used for the research of conditions associated with activated Wnt signaling, such as cancer, fibrotic diseases and conditions associated with low bone formation .

HY-119443

Neridronate	Others	Cancer
Neridronate is an aminobisphosphonate, licensed in Italy for the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Paget’s disease of bone (PDB). Neridronate is effective also in other skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, algodystrophy, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and bone metastases .

HY-B0657A

Clodronic acid disodium salt 1 Publications Verification Clodronate disodium salt	Others	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Clodronic acid (Clodronate) disodium salt, a first-generation bisphosphonate, is orally active *osteoclastic bone* resorption** inhibitor. Clodronic acid disodium salt can be used in high bone turnover states, Paget ^’s disease and osteolytic bone metastases .

HY-B0657

Clodronic acid Clodronate	Others	Others
Clodronic acid is an orally active bisphosphonate, which is used for researching osteoporosis and diseases associated with excessive bone resorption. Clodronic acid inhibits bone resorption through induction of osteoclast apoptosis. Clodronic acid is effective in the maintenance or improvement of bone mineral density .

HY-U00358

Compound 2	Others	Metabolic Disease
Compound 2 is an active compound used for the research of metabolic bone diseases.

HY-B0012

Pamidronic acid	Wnt β-catenin Bacterial	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Pamidronic acid is a agent used to treat a broad spectrum of bone absorption diseases.

HY-107093

MBC-11	Others	Cancer
MBC-11 is a first-in-class conjugate of the bone-targeting bisphosphonate etidronate covalently linked to the antimetabolite cytarabine (araC). MBC-11 has the potential for tumor-induced bone disease (TIBD) research .

HY-107093A

MBC-11 trisodium	Others	Cancer
MBC-11 trisodium is a first-in-class conjugate of the bone-targeting bisphosphonate HEDP covalently linked to the antimetabolite Ara-C. MBC-11 trisodium has the potential for tumor-induced bone disease (TIBD) research .

HY-107093B

MBC-11 triethylamine	Others	Cancer
MBC-11 triethylamine is a first-in-class conjugate of the bone-targeting bisphosphonate etidronate covalently linked to the antimetabolite cytarabine (araC). MBC-11 triethylamine has the potential for tumor-induced bone disease (TIBD) research .

HY-P1288

Protein Kinase C (530-558) PKC fragment (530-558)	PKC	Others
Protein Kinase C (530-558), a peptide fragment of protein kinase C (PKC), is a potent PKC activator. Protein Kinase C (530-558) significantly inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption .

HY-76937

Impurity of Doxercalciferol	VD/VDR	Endocrinology
Impurity of Doxercalciferol is an impurity of doxercalciferol, which is a synthetic analog of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), used as a agent for secondary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic bone disease, and it suppresses parathyroid synthesis and secretion.

HY-B0631S

Alendronic acid-d6	Isotope-Labeled Compounds	Cancer
Alendronic acid-d₆ is the deuterium labeled Alendronic acid. Alendronic acid, a bisphosphonate, is a farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) inhibitor. Alendronic acid inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Alendronic acid shows efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis, malignant hypercalcemia and Paget’s disease[1].

HY-145604

Vicasinabin RG7774	Cannabinoid Receptor	Neurological Disease
Vicasinabin (RG7774) is the potent agonist of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). Vicasinabin has the potential for the research of human diseases including chronic pain, atherosclerosis, regulation of bone mass, neuroinflammation, and other related diseases (extracted from patent US20130116236A1) .

HY-B0631

Alendronic acid 3 Publications Verification	Others	Cancer
Alendronic acid, a bisphosphonate, is a farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) inhibitor. Alendronic acid inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Alendronic acid shows efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis, malignant hypercalcemia and Paget’s disease .

HY-N8837

Trifloroside	MMP	Metabolic Disease
Trifloroside is a secoiridoid glycoside with antioxidant effects. Trifloroside induces osteogenic effects through osteoblast differentiation, adhesion, migration, and mineral apposition. Trifloroside has the potential for osteoblast-mediated bone diseases research .

HY-150793

SY-LB-57	TGF-β Receptor	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease
SY-LB-57 is a highly potent bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor signaling agonist. SY-LB-57 can be used in studies of diseases such as fractures and pulmonary arterial hypertension .

HY-146134

PGN36	Cannabinoid Receptor	Inflammation/Immunology
PGN36 (Compound 18) is a selective cannabinoid CB₂ receptor (CB₂R) antagonist with a K_i of 0.09 µM .

HY-12398

TEI-9647	VD/VDR	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
TEI-9647, a Vitamin D₃ Lactone analogue, is a potent and specific vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonist. TEI-9647 inhibits VDR/VDRE-mediated genomic actions of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃. TEI-9647 inhibits bone resorption and HL-60 cell differentiation induced by of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃. TEI-9647 has the potential for suppressing the excessive bone resorption and osteoclast formation in Paget's disease .

HY-106431

Olpadronic acid Olpadronate; OLP	Others	Metabolic Disease Cancer
Olpadronic acid (Olpadronate) is an orally active amino-bisphosphonate and inhibits bone resorption. Olpadronic acid also prevents bone destruction and tumor growth in the skeletal prostate cancer mouse model. Olpadronic acid can be used for research of osteoporosis, malignancies and rheumatoid arthritis .

HY-W438351

1,3-Dibenzyl-5-fluorouracil	RANKL/RANK	Metabolic Disease
1,3-Dibenzyl-5-fluorouracil is a chemical inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. 1,3-Dibenzyl-5-fluorouracil inhibits the expression of osteoclast markers by downregulating the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) signaling pathways. 1,3-Dibenzyl-5-fluorouracil can be used in the study of metabolic bone diseases .

HY-155705

BMP agonist 1	TGF-β Receptor GSK-3 β-catenin	Others
BMP agonist 1 (compound 2 b) is a small-molecule agonist of bone morphogenic protein (BMP). BMP induces C2C12 cell differentiation with BMP and highly depends on active BMP signaling. BMP agonist 1 inhibits GSK3β, increases β-catenin signaling and synergistically regulates Id2and Id3 expression. BMP agonist 1 is used in diseases and defects of the skeleton research .

HY-147615

CSF1R-IN-12	c-Fms	Cancer
CSF1R-IN-12 is a potent inhibitor of CSF1R. Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1, also known as macrophage colony stimulating factor, M-CSF) is an important growth factor that controls bone marrow progenitor cells, monocytes, macrophages, and giants. CSF1R-IN-12 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases (extracted from patent WO2019134661A1, compound 1) .

HY-147616

CSF1R-IN-13	c-Fms	Cancer
CSF1R-IN-13 is a potent inhibitor of CSF1R. Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1, also known as macrophage colony stimulating factor, M-CSF) is an important growth factor that controls bone marrow progenitor cells, monocytes, macrophages, and giants. CSF1R-IN-13 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases (extracted from patent WO2019134661A1, compound 32) .

HY-P99111

Golimumab CNTO-148	TNF Receptor Apoptosis Interleukin Related Caspase	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Golimumab (CNTO-148) is a potent human IgG1 TNFα antagonist monoclonal antibody. Golimumab has anti-inflammation activitity and inhibits IL-6 and IL-1β production. Golimumab acts via targeting and neutralizing TNF to prevent inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. Golimumab has the anticancer activity and induces cell apoptosis. Golimumab can be used for rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and cancer research .

HY-129098

DMHCA 1 Publications Verification	LXR	Metabolic Disease
DMHCA, a potent and selective LXR agonist, specifically activates the cholesterol efflux arm of the LXR pathway without stimulating triglyceride synthesis. DMHCA has anti-inflammatory effects and can be used for the research of cholesterol homeostasis diabetes .

HY-155773

VU534	FAAH Epoxide Hydrolase	Cardiovascular Disease
VU534 is a NAPE-PLD activator, with an EC₅₀ of 0.30 μM. VU534 is dual inhibitors of FAAH and sEH (IC₅₀ of 1.2 μM). VU534 increases efferocytosis in a NAPE-PLD dependent manner. VU534 has the potential for cardiometabolic diseases study ^[1].

HY-N12740

Napyradiomycin B4	MEK ERK	Others
Napyradiomycin B4 is a Napyradiomycin derivative, which inhibits the RANKL-induced MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Napyradiomycin B4 attenuates osteoclastogenesis and prevents alveolar bone destruction in experimental periodontitis .

HY-108464A

Phenamil methanesulfonate	Sodium Channel TRP Channel	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Phenamil methanesulfonate, an analog of Amiloride (HY-B0285), is a more potent and less reversible epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blocker with an IC₅₀ of 400 nM . Phenamil methanesulfonate is also a competive inhibitor of TRPP3 and inhibits TRPP3-mediated Ca ²⁺ transport with an IC₅₀ of 140 nM in a Ca ²⁺ uptake assay . Phenamil methanesulfonate is an intriguing small molecule to promote bone repair by strongly activating BMP signaling pathway . Phenamil methanesulfonate is used for the research of cystic fibrosis lung disease .

HY-N6588

3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid 3,4,5-triCQA	Akt NF-κB	Inflammation/Immunology
3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid (3,4,5-triCQA) inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes via suppression of Akt- and NF-κB-pathways. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid induces cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, actin cytoskeleton organization, chromatin remodeling, neuronal differentiation, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling in human neural stem cells. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid has the potential for the research of aging-associated diseases .

HY-147617

CSF1R-IN-14	c-Fms	Cancer
CSF1R-IN-14 is an isoindolinone derivative compound. CSF1R-IN-14 is a potent inhibitor of CSF1R. Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1, also known as macrophage colony stimulating factor, M-CSF) is an important growth factor that controls bone marrow progenitor cells, monocytes, macrophages, and giants. CSF1R-IN-14 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases (extracted from patent WO2019134662A1, compound 1) .

HY-N0507

Rosavin	TNF Receptor Interleukin Related	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Rosavin, an orally bioactive phenylpropanoid from Rhodiola rosea L. (RRL), is an adaptogen that enhances the body’s response to environmental stress. Rosavin significantly influences bone tissue metabolism by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteoblast differentiation, also impacts various diseases, demonstrating antidepressant, adaptogenic, and anxiolytic effects in mouse models. Additionally, Rosavin improves survival, reducing intestinal damage in irradiated rats and Ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)-induced cerebral injury in vivo by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress, making it a promising candidate for research in radiation-induced intestinal injury, I/R-induced cerebral injury and osteoporosis .

HY-N2037A

Higenamine hydrochloride 2 Publications Verification Norcoclaurine hydrochloride	MDM-2/p53 ROS Kinase Apoptosis	Infection Cardiovascular Disease Endocrinology Cancer
Higenamine hydrochloride is a selective LSD1 inhibitor (IC₅₀=1.47 μM) that can be isolated from aconite. Higenamine hydrochloride has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Higenamine (Norcoclaurine) can attenuate IL-1β-induced Apoptosis through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Higenamine hydrochloride protects brain cells from oxygen deprivation. Higenamine can promote bone formation in osteoporosis through the SMAD2/3 pathway. Higenamine hydrochloride can be used to study cancer, inflammation, cardiorenal syndrome and other diseases .

Cat. No.	Product Name

HY-L131

Osteogenesis Compound Library	473 compounds
Ossification is a tightly regulated process, performed by specialized cells called osteoblasts. Dysregulation of this process may cause inadequate or excessive mineralization of bones or ectopic calcification, all of which have grave consequences for human health. Osteoblasts play important roles in the process of osteogenesis and prevention of osteonecrosis. Osteoblast formation and bone formation are regulated by hormones, growth factors, cytokines, etc. MCE offers a unique collection of 473 bone formation compounds with identified and potential inducing osteogenesis activity. MCE bone formation compound library is a useful tool for the study of bone disease drugs and pharmacology.

Osteogenesis Compound Library

473 compounds

Ossification is a tightly regulated process, performed by specialized cells called osteoblasts. Dysregulation of this process may cause inadequate or excessive mineralization of bones or ectopic calcification, all of which have grave consequences for human health.

Osteoblasts play important roles in the process of osteogenesis and prevention of osteonecrosis. Osteoblast formation and bone formation are regulated by hormones, growth factors, cytokines, etc.

MCE offers a unique collection of 473 bone formation compounds with identified and potential inducing osteogenesis activity. MCE bone formation compound library is a useful tool for the study of bone disease drugs and pharmacology.

HY-L018

TGF-beta/Smad Compound Library	232 compounds
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The TGF-β superfamily comprises TGF-βs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins and related proteins. Signaling begins with the binding of a TGF beta superfamily ligand to a TGF beta type II receptor. The type II receptor is a serine/threonine receptor kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the Type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD (e.g. SMAD4). R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases, including cancers, some bone diseases, chronic kidney disease, etc. MCE designs a unique collection of 232 TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway compounds. TGF-beta/Smad Compound Library acts as a useful tool for TGF-beta/Smad-related drug screening and disease research.

TGF-beta/Smad Compound Library

232 compounds

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The TGF-β superfamily comprises TGF-βs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins and related proteins. Signaling begins with the binding of a TGF beta superfamily ligand to a TGF beta type II receptor. The type II receptor is a serine/threonine receptor kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the Type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD (e.g. SMAD4). R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases, including cancers, some bone diseases, chronic kidney disease, etc.

MCE designs a unique collection of 232 TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway compounds. TGF-beta/Smad Compound Library acts as a useful tool for TGF-beta/Smad-related drug screening and disease research.

HY-L171

Anti-Hematopathy Compound Library	2,765 compounds
Hematopathy, also known as hematopoietic system diseases, are a class of diseases that hematopoietic system has abnormal changes. Common hematopathy include: aplastic anemia, myeloproliferative diseases, thalassemia, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma and hemophilia, etc. In recent years, treatments for hematopathy have been developed. In particular, the treatment of malignant hematopathy developed from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow development to immunotherapy, induced differentiation therapy, cell therapy, gene therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although these therapies have greatly improved the survival rate of patients, there are still problems such as low cure rate and easy recurrence in the treatment of hematopathy. Therefore, it is of great significance to actively search for new hematopathy therapeutic drugs. MCE designs a unique collection of 2,765 anti-hematopathy small molecules, which is an effective tool for development and research of anti-hematopathy compounds.

Anti-Hematopathy Compound Library

2,765 compounds

Hematopathy, also known as hematopoietic system diseases, are a class of diseases that hematopoietic system has abnormal changes. Common hematopathy include: aplastic anemia, myeloproliferative diseases, thalassemia, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma and hemophilia, etc. In recent years, treatments for hematopathy have been developed. In particular, the treatment of malignant hematopathy developed from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow development to immunotherapy, induced differentiation therapy, cell therapy, gene therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although these therapies have greatly improved the survival rate of patients, there are still problems such as low cure rate and easy recurrence in the treatment of hematopathy. Therefore, it is of great significance to actively search for new hematopathy therapeutic drugs.

MCE designs a unique collection of 2,765 anti-hematopathy small molecules, which is an effective tool for development and research of anti-hematopathy compounds.

HY-L174

Macrophage Related Compound Library	160 compounds
Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system, engulfing bacteria and secreting pro-inflammatory and antibacterial mediators. They are an important component of the first line defense against pathogens and tumor cells. In addition, macrophages play an important role in eliminating damaged cells through programmed cell death. Like all immune cells, macrophages originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Macrophages play key functions in many physiological processes beyond homeostasis and innate immunity, including metabolic function, cell debris clearance, tissue repair, and remodeling. In order to fulfill their different functional roles, macrophages can polarize into a series of phenotypes, including classic (pro inflammatory, M1) and alternative (anti-inflammatory, healing promoting, M2) activation states, as well as a wide range of regulatory phenotypes and subtypes. Macrophages exist in all vertebrate tissues and have a dual function in host protection and tissue damage, maintaining a good balance. MCE designs a unique collection of 160 macrophage related compounds. It is a good tool to be used for research on Inflammation, cancer and other diseases.

Macrophage Related Compound Library

160 compounds

Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system, engulfing bacteria and secreting pro-inflammatory and antibacterial mediators. They are an important component of the first line defense against pathogens and tumor cells. In addition, macrophages play an important role in eliminating damaged cells through programmed cell death. Like all immune cells, macrophages originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Macrophages play key functions in many physiological processes beyond homeostasis and innate immunity, including metabolic function, cell debris clearance, tissue repair, and remodeling. In order to fulfill their different functional roles, macrophages can polarize into a series of phenotypes, including classic (pro inflammatory, M1) and alternative (anti-inflammatory, healing promoting, M2) activation states, as well as a wide range of regulatory phenotypes and subtypes. Macrophages exist in all vertebrate tissues and have a dual function in host protection and tissue damage, maintaining a good balance.

MCE designs a unique collection of 160 macrophage related compounds. It is a good tool to be used for research on Inflammation, cancer and other diseases.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-P3637

AVSEHQLLHDKGKSIQDLRRRFFLHHLI-{Aib}-EIHTAYRFGG	Peptides	Inflammation/Immunology
AVSEHQLLHDKGKSIQDLRRRFFLHHLI-{Aib}-EIHTAYRFGG promotes bone-ossification. AVSEHQLLHDKGKSIQDLRRRFFLHHLI-{Aib}-EIHTAYRFGG can be used in the research of diseases or disorders related to osteogenic defects or bone mineral density (BMD) decreasing, such as osteoporosis .