Gallic acid (Synonyms: 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid)

Name: Gallic acid
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-N0523
Rating: 5.0 (7 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-N0523 Purity: 99.83%: FAQs
Data Sheet SDS COA Handling Instructions

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Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Gallic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 149-91-7

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Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	USD 73	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	USD 73	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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100 mg	USD 66	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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Based on 7 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Gallic acid:

7 Publications Citing Use of MCE Gallic acid

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Biological Activity
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)^[1]. Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities^[2].

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

COX-2

Microbial Metabolite

Human Endogenous Metabolite

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A549	IC₅₀	0.4 mM Compound: Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 27162124]
A549	IC₅₀	0.4 mM Compound: Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by FMCA assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by FMCA assay	[PMID: 27162124]
A549	IC₅₀	0.4 mM Compound: Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by luminescence-based ATP assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by luminescence-based ATP assay	[PMID: 27162124]
CCRF-CEM	IC₅₀	> 200 μM Compound: GA	Cytotoxicity against human CCRF-CEM cells after 48 hrs by neutral red assay Cytotoxicity against human CCRF-CEM cells after 48 hrs by neutral red assay	[PMID: 24568614]
CCRF-CEM	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 0, Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 18295493]
CCRF-CEM	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 0, Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 18295493]
CCRF-CEM	EC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 1	Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B infected in human CEM cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathicity after 4 to 5 days by microscopy based syncytium cell formation assay Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B infected in human CEM cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathicity after 4 to 5 days by microscopy based syncytium cell formation assay	[PMID: 25617695]
CCRF-CEM	EC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 1	Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD infected in human CEM cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathicity after 4 to 5 days by microscopy based syncytium cell formation assay Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD infected in human CEM cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathicity after 4 to 5 days by microscopy based syncytium cell formation assay	[PMID: 25617695]
Erythrocyte	IC₅₀	0.59 mM Compound: 18	Anticomplement activity in sheep erythrocytes assessed as concentration required for 50% hemolytic inhibition by classic pathway pretreated for 10 mins with guinea pig serum followed by erythrocyte addition measured after 30 mins by spectrophotometeric me Anticomplement activity in sheep erythrocytes assessed as concentration required for 50% hemolytic inhibition by classic pathway pretreated for 10 mins with guinea pig serum followed by erythrocyte addition measured after 30 mins by spectrophotometeric me	[PMID: 29631958]
Erythrocyte	IC₅₀	0.74 mM Compound: 18	Anticomplement activity in rabbit erythrocytes assessed as concentration required for 50% hemolytic inhibition by alternative pathway pretreated for 10 mins with normal human serum followed by erythrocyte addition measured after 30 mins by spectrophotomet Anticomplement activity in rabbit erythrocytes assessed as concentration required for 50% hemolytic inhibition by alternative pathway pretreated for 10 mins with normal human serum followed by erythrocyte addition measured after 30 mins by spectrophotomet	[PMID: 29631958]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	41.8 μg/mL Compound: Gallic acid	Anticancer activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32731188]
HeLa	IC₅₀	26.3 μg/mL Compound: Gallic acid	Anticancer activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32731188]
HUVEC	IC₅₀	> 294 μM Compound: 8	Cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 48 hrs by fluorescence based assay Cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 48 hrs by fluorescence based assay	[PMID: 37122550]
L1210	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 0, Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 18295493]
L1210	IC₅₀	50 μM Compound: 0, Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 18295493]
MCF7	IC₅₀	17.4 μM Compound: Gallic acid	Cytotoxicity against human ER-positive MCF7 cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation at 12.5 to 100 uM incubated for 24 hrs Cytotoxicity against human ER-positive MCF7 cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation at 12.5 to 100 uM incubated for 24 hrs	[PMID: 33711444]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 13	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by by Griess assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by by Griess assay	[PMID: 31419126]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	631.6 μM Compound: gallic acid	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in nitrite level within 24 hrs by Griess reagent method Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in nitrite level within 24 hrs by Griess reagent method	[PMID: 22560043]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	69.25 μM Compound: 3a	Antagonist activity at TLR2 in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as PAM3CSK4-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antagonist activity at TLR2 in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as PAM3CSK4-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 31255924]

In Vitro

Gallic acid is an antioxidant which can inhibit both COX-2^[1]. After 18 h treatment with Gallic acid, the number of viable neutrophils is dramatically decreased from 40.3% to 27.7%, highly comparable with 26.4% for untreated neutrophils. Gallic acid fails to attenuate isoproterenol-induced myocytolysis^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

The food intake (2.6±0.08 g/day, p=0.69) and the body weight (2.5±0.69 g, p=0.76) of the Gallic acid group do not differ significantly from those of the control group (food intake; 2.41±0.14 g/day and the body weight; 2.83±0.84 g/day). The blood glucose tolerance in the Gallic acid group is significantly improved after 2 weeks of treatment. The blood glucose tolerance of the Gallic acid group after a treatment period of 2 weeks is also significantly better than that of the control group at 90 and 120 min ( p<0.05). The serum triglyceride concentration in the Gallic acid group (0.67±0.03 mM, p<0.05) is significantly reduced relative to that of the control group (1.08±0.20 mM). The total cholesterol concentration is similar in the control (3.19±0.27 mM) and Gallic acid (3.01±0.18 mM) groups^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Molecular Weight

170.12

Formula

C₇H₆O₅

CAS No.

149-91-7

Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C(O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1

Structure Classification

Initial Source

Microorganisms

Endogenous metabolite

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (587.82 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 8.33 mg/mL (48.97 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	5.8782 mL	29.3910 mL	58.7820 mL
5 mM	1.1756 mL	5.8782 mL	11.7564 mL
10 mM	0.5878 mL	2.9391 mL	5.8782 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.70 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.70 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: Corn Oil
Solubility: 20 mg/mL (117.56 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

DMSO +

Tween-80 +

Saline

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.

If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.98%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (281 KB) SDS (393 KB)

COA (250 KB) HNMR (111 KB) RP-HPLC (177 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Amaravani M, et al. COX-2 structural analysis and docking studies with gallic acid structural analogues. Springerplus. 2012 Dec;1(1):58. [Content Brief]

[2]. Bak EJ, et al. Gallic acid improves glucose tolerance and triglyceride concentration in diet-induced obesity mice. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013 Dec;73(8):607-14. [Content Brief]

[3]. Cheng Y, et al. Plant Natural Products Calycosin and Gallic Acid Synergistically Attenuate Neutrophil Infiltration and Subsequent Injury in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction: A Possible Role for Leukotriene B4 12-Hydroxydehydrogenase? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:434052. [Content Brief]

Cell Assay ^[3]	Neutrophils are treated with 8?μg/mL Gallic acid in RPMI1640/10% FBS for 3, 6, 9, and 18?h. At the end of Gallic acid treatment, the cells are stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the cells are washed twice with ice-cold PBS and resuspended in 1× Binding Buffer at a concentration of 1×10⁶ cells/mL. Cell suspensions (1×10⁵ cells in 100?μL) are incubated with 5?μL of Annexin V-FITC and 10?μL PI in a 5?mL culture tube at room temperature for 20?min. The stained cells are immediately analyzed on flow cytometry system^[3]. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration ^[2]	Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice are used in this study. The animals are maintained in a temperature-controlled room at 22° C on a 12 h light-dark photocycle. The mice are divided into the control vehicle group and the Gallic acid group. For 2 weeks, the mice are administered intraperitoneal treatment on a daily basis with vehicle (10% alcohol, 10% tween 80, and 80% saline) alone or with 10 mg/kg Gallic acid. After this treatment, GTTs are again conducted, and the blood samples are taken for subsequent biochemical analysis. Over the experimental period, food intake and body weight are measured on a daily basis^[2]. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References	[1]. Amaravani M, et al. COX-2 structural analysis and docking studies with gallic acid structural analogues. Springerplus. 2012 Dec;1(1):58. [Content Brief] [2]. Bak EJ, et al. Gallic acid improves glucose tolerance and triglyceride concentration in diet-induced obesity mice. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013 Dec;73(8):607-14. [Content Brief] [3]. Cheng Y, et al. Plant Natural Products Calycosin and Gallic Acid Synergistically Attenuate Neutrophil Infiltration and Subsequent Injury in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction: A Possible Role for Leukotriene B4 12-Hydroxydehydrogenase? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:434052. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	5.8782 mL	29.3910 mL	58.7820 mL	146.9551 mL
	5 mM	1.1756 mL	5.8782 mL	11.7564 mL	29.3910 mL
	10 mM	0.5878 mL	2.9391 mL	5.8782 mL	14.6955 mL
	15 mM	0.3919 mL	1.9594 mL	3.9188 mL	9.7970 mL
	20 mM	0.2939 mL	1.4696 mL	2.9391 mL	7.3478 mL
	25 mM	0.2351 mL	1.1756 mL	2.3513 mL	5.8782 mL
	30 mM	0.1959 mL	0.9797 mL	1.9594 mL	4.8985 mL
	40 mM	0.1470 mL	0.7348 mL	1.4696 mL	3.6739 mL
DMSO	50 mM	0.1176 mL	0.5878 mL	1.1756 mL	2.9391 mL
	60 mM	0.0980 mL	0.4899 mL	0.9797 mL	2.4493 mL
	80 mM	0.0735 mL	0.3674 mL	0.7348 mL	1.8369 mL
	100 mM	0.0588 mL	0.2939 mL	0.5878 mL	1.4696 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Gallic acid Related Classifications

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Do most proteins show cross-species activity?
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Gallic acid149-91-73,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acidCOXReactive Oxygen SpeciesApoptosisFerroptosisEndogenous MetaboliteCyclooxygenaseInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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Gallic acid (Synonyms: 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid)

Customer Review

Other Forms of Gallic acid:

Gallic acid Related Antibodies

7 Publications Citing Use of MCE Gallic acid

Featured Recommendations

•Related Screening Libraries:

•Related Small Molecules:

•Related Proteins:

View All COX Isoform Specific Products:

Biological Activity

Protocol

Purity & Documentation

References

Customer Review

Gallic acid Related Antibodies

Molarity Calculator

Dilution Calculator

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Gallic acid Related Classifications

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