Retinoic acid (Synonyms: Vitamin A acid; all-trans-Retinoic acid; ATRA)

Name: Retinoic acid
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-14649
Rating: 5.0 (64 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-14649 Purity: 99.81%: FAQs
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Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC₅₀s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with K_d of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.

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Retinoic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 302-79-4

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Based on 64 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Retinoic acid:

61 Publications Citing Use of MCE Retinoic acid

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]; Cell morphology of MCF-7 treated with RA (20 μM)+ω-3 PUFAs (80 μM) with or without 3-MA (5 mM) for 24h.

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]; Cells are treated with RA (20 μM) plus ω-3 PUFAs (80 μM) with or without CQ (5 μM) for 24 h. Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blotting analysis.

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]; MCF-7 cells are pretreated with the indicated chemical inhibitors for 30min, followed by 15 min treatment with RA (20 μM) + EPA (80 μM).Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blotting analysis.

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RXRα RXRβ RXRγ

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PPARα PPARβ/δ PPARγ PPAR PPARδ

Biological Activity
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[2]^[5]

PPARβ/δ

17 nM (Kd)

PPARα

103 nM (Kd)

PPARγ

178 nM (Kd)

Human Endogenous Metabolite

PPARα

14 nM (IC₅₀)

PPARγ

14 nM (IC₅₀)

RARβ

14 nM (IC₅₀)

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
3LLD122	IC₅₀	33 μM Compound: ATRA	Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of lung carcinoma (3LLD122) cell lines by 50% Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of lung carcinoma (3LLD122) cell lines by 50%	[PMID: 10956204]
COLO 205	IC₅₀	37 μM Compound: ATRA	Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20405849]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.6 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	1.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	1.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	12 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARbeta ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARbeta ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
COS-7	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.7 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor gamma using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor gamma using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor beta using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor beta using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1100 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor gamma using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor gamma using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1400 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor beta using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor beta using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	7 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor alpha using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor alpha using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	900 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor alpha using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor alpha using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CWR22R	GI₅₀	25.11 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human CWR22Rv1 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human CWR22Rv1 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
DU-145	GI₅₀	11.64 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
F9	IC₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: 7, trans- RA	Induction of terminal differentiation in mouse F9 cells assessed by measuring secreted plasminogen activator activity after 3 days Induction of terminal differentiation in mouse F9 cells assessed by measuring secreted plasminogen activator activity after 3 days	[PMID: 17489579]
F9	ED₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: 1	Ability to displace 3 uM retinoid and [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells using F9 Plasminogen Activator releasing assay Ability to displace 3 uM retinoid and [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells using F9 Plasminogen Activator releasing assay	[PMID: 2738885]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	10 μM Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of UVB irradiation-induced MMP1 production in human dermal fibroblasts after 48 hrs Inhibition of UVB irradiation-induced MMP1 production in human dermal fibroblasts after 48 hrs	[PMID: 18029185]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	28.7 μM Compound: Retinoic acid	Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	301.3 μM Compound: Retinoic acid	Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 nM Compound: retinoic acid	The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay	[PMID: 8182710]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 nM Compound: RA	Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction	[PMID: 2704028]
HL-60	CC₅₀	23 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human HL-60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by trypan blue staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human HL-60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by trypan blue staining based assay	[PMID: 33895500]
HL-60	ED₅₀	50 nM Compound: 1	Compound was evaluated for the retinoid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 using trans-retinoic acid as the standard. Compound was evaluated for the retinoid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 using trans-retinoic acid as the standard.	[PMID: 1992144]
HT-29	CC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
HT-29	IC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: ATRA	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20405849]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	10 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human LNCaP cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human LNCaP cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
LNCaP	GI₅₀	10.33 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
LNCaP	GI₅₀	47.86 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	5 x 10^-1 μM Compound: ATRA	Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19375825]
MCF7	IC₅₀	0.58 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
MCF7	GI₅₀	12.39 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
MCF7	CC₅₀	20 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by cell counting assay Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by cell counting assay	[PMID: 33895500]
MCF7	IC₅₀	6.14 μM Compound: atRA	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs	[PMID: 33139111]
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	10.85 μM Compound: ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18543902]
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	14.12 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	16 μM Compound: atRA	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs	[PMID: 33139111]
MDA-MB-453	GI₅₀	9.51 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-453 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-453 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
MDA-MB-468	GI₅₀	14.12 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-468 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-468 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
MIA PaCa-2	IC₅₀	9.5 μM Compound: ATRA	Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of pancreatic human (PACA) cell lines by 50% Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of pancreatic human (PACA) cell lines by 50%	[PMID: 10956204]
MOLM-13	CC₅₀	1.24 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human MOLM-13 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by WST-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human MOLM-13 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by WST-8 assay	[PMID: 33895500]
NB-4	CC₅₀	1.5 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human NB-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human NB-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
PC-3	GI₅₀	12.64 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
PC-3	CC₅₀	12.7 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
PC-3	IC₅₀	2 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
PC-3	GI₅₀	36.3 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
PC-3	GI₅₀	7.6 μM Compound: ATRA	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18543902]
Raji	IC₅₀	15.4 nM Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells after 48 hrs Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells after 48 hrs	[PMID: 17503850]
SK-BR-3	GI₅₀	22.9 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human SKBR3 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human SKBR3 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
T47D	IC₅₀	0.006 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human T47D cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human T47D cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
T47D	GI₅₀	0.82 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]

In Vitro

Retinoic acid (All-trans-retinoic acid, ATRA) is a highly potent derivative of vitamin A that is required for virtually all essential physiological processes and functions because of its involvement in transcriptional regulation of over 530 different genes. Retinoic acid exerts its actions by serving as an activating ligand of nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα-γ), which form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRα-γ)^[1].
Retinoic acid (RA) bound to PPARα and PPARγ with a low affinity demonstrated by K_d values of 100-200 nM. In contrast, Retinoic acid associates with PPARβ/δ with a K_d of 17 nM, revealing both high affinity and isotype selectivity^[2].
Undifferentiated P19 cells express the Retinoic acid (RA) receptors RARα, RARβ, RARγ, and PPARβ/δ, as well as the Retinoic acid -binding proteins CRABP-II and FABP5. Induction of differentiation by treatment of cells with Retinoic acid results in transient up-regulation of CRABP-II and down-regulation of FABP5 that are observed at the level of both the respective proteins and mRNAs. Following the initial decrease, the level of both FABP5 protein and mRNA increases to attain a 2-2.5-fold higher level in mature neurons as compared with undifferentiated P19 cells. Induction of differentiation does not markedly affect the levels of either RARα or PPARβ/δ. The level of RARγ mRNA decreases by about 5-fold by day 4 and remained low in mature neurons^[3].
Retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen derived from retinol (vitamin A) that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. The Retinoic acid interacts with retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) which then regulate the target gene expression^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

Molecular Weight

300.44

Formula

C₂₀H₂₈O₂

CAS No.

302-79-4

Appearance

Solid

Color

Light yellow to yellow

SMILES

CC1(C)C(/C=C/C(C)=C/C=C/C(C)=C/C(O)=O)=C(C)CCC1

Structure Classification

Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids

Initial Source

Microorganisms

Endogenous metabolite

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (166.42 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	3.3285 mL	16.6423 mL	33.2845 mL
5 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL
10 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming

This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.5 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution

This protocol yields a suspended solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.
Protocol 4

Add each solvent one by one: 5% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 50% Saline
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
Protocol 5

Add each solvent one by one: 5% DMSO 95% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 50% PEG300 50% PBS
Solubility: 5 mg/mL (16.64 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 40°C

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

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(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

DMSO +

Tween-80 +

Saline

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.

If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.81%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (278 KB) SDS (701 KB)

COA (243 KB) Elemental Analysis Report (101 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Wu L, et al. Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Upregulate Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Human Epidermis. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 14;11(4):e0153556. [Content Brief]

[2]. Shaw N, et al. Retinoic acid is a high affinity selective ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41589-92. [Content Brief]

[3]. Yu S, et al. Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). J Biol Chem. 2012 Dec 7;287(50):42195-205. [Content Brief]

[4]. Kam RK, et al. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci. 2012 Mar 22;2(1):11. [Content Brief]

[5]. Apfel C, et al. A retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist selectively counteracts retinoic acid effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7129-33. [Content Brief]

[6]. Xiu Jun Wang, et al. Identification of retinoic acid as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19589-94. [Content Brief]

Cell Assay
^[3]

P19 cell are induced to undergo neuronal differentiation according to established procedures. Briefly, cells are cultured on 1% agarose-coated 10 cm dishes at 3×10 ⁵ cells/mL in α-minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Differentiation is induced by addition of Retinoic acid (1 μM) and medium containing Retinoic acid replaced 2 days later. On day 4, cell aggregates are collected by centrifugation, separated to single cells by trypsin/EDTA treatment, replated onto poly-L-lysine-coated plates, and cultured in α-minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% FBS. On day 6, medium is replaced with neurobasal medium containing B27 supplement and 2 mM GlutaMAX. Medium is replaced every 2 days for an additional week^[3].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

References

[1]. Wu L, et al. Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Upregulate Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Human Epidermis. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 14;11(4):e0153556. [Content Brief]

[2]. Shaw N, et al. Retinoic acid is a high affinity selective ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41589-92. [Content Brief]

[3]. Yu S, et al. Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). J Biol Chem. 2012 Dec 7;287(50):42195-205. [Content Brief]

[4]. Kam RK, et al. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci. 2012 Mar 22;2(1):11. [Content Brief]

[5]. Apfel C, et al. A retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist selectively counteracts retinoic acid effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7129-33. [Content Brief]

[6]. Xiu Jun Wang, et al. Identification of retinoic acid as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19589-94. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

DMSO	1 mM	3.3285 mL	16.6423 mL	33.2845 mL	83.2113 mL
	5 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL	16.6423 mL
	10 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL	8.3211 mL
	15 mM	0.2219 mL	1.1095 mL	2.2190 mL	5.5474 mL
	20 mM	0.1664 mL	0.8321 mL	1.6642 mL	4.1606 mL
	25 mM	0.1331 mL	0.6657 mL	1.3314 mL	3.3285 mL
	30 mM	0.1109 mL	0.5547 mL	1.1095 mL	2.7737 mL
	40 mM	0.0832 mL	0.4161 mL	0.8321 mL	2.0803 mL
	50 mM	0.0666 mL	0.3328 mL	0.6657 mL	1.6642 mL
	60 mM	0.0555 mL	0.2774 mL	0.5547 mL	1.3869 mL
	80 mM	0.0416 mL	0.2080 mL	0.4161 mL	1.0401 mL
	100 mM	0.0333 mL	0.1664 mL	0.3328 mL	0.8321 mL

Retinoic acid Related Classifications

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Do most proteins show cross-species activity?
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

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Retinoic acid302-79-4Vitamin A acid all-trans-Retinoic acid ATRAOrganoidRAR/RXRPPAREndogenous MetaboliteAutophagyRetinoic acid receptorsRetinoid X receptorsPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptorsInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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Retinoic acid (Synonyms: Vitamin A acid; all-trans-Retinoic acid; ATRA)

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