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Oxidized ATP (oATP) trisodium salt is a broad-spectrum P2 receptor inhibitor. Oxidized ATP trisodium salt irreversibly antagonizes P2X7R activation. Oxidized ATP trisodium salt inhibits c-reactive protein (CRP)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Oxidized ATP trisodium salt can be used for research of atherosclerosis .
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (mouse) is an oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). Oxidized low density lipoprotein (mouse) induces atherosclerosis (AS) by facilitating endothelial dysfunction and accelerating the VSMCs growth and migration .
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) (Human ox-LDL) is involved in atherogenesis. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) induces endothelial dysfunction via cytoplasmic adapter protein TRAF3IP2. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) can stimulate the activation of endothelial cells and the production of adhesion molecules, and inhibits eNOS activity and NO production. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) can activate NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages .
Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
Copper(II) acetate, 99.99% trace metals basis is biochemical assay reagent that can be used a source of copper in inorganic synthesis, an oxidizing agent and as a catalyst in organic synthesis .
Oxidized paraffin (calcium) can be used as an excipient, such as ointment base, hardening agent. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs .
Glutathione oxidized (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glutathione oxidized. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
Glutathione oxidized- 13C4, 15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled Glutathione oxidized (HY-D0844). Glutathione oxidized is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
Thiamine disulfide, a vitamin B1 derivative, is an oxidized dimer of Thiamine. Thiamine disulfide is a potent HIV-1 inhibitor. Thiamine disulfide significantly depresses HIV-1 transactivator (Tat) activity .
FINO2 is a potent ferroptosis inducer. FINO2 inhibits GPX4 activity. FINO2 is a stable oxidant that oxidizes ferrous iron and stable at varying pH levels. FINO2 causes widespread lipid peroxidation .
Thiamine disulfide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thiamine disulfide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thiamine disulfide, a vitamin B1 derivative, is an oxidized dimer of Thiamine. Thiamine disulfide is a potent HIV-1 inhibitor. Thiamine disulfide significantly depresses HIV-1 transactivator (Tat) activity .
Butanoyl PAF, a compound closely related to Azelaoyl PC (HY-134154), maintains over 10% of the agonist potency of platelet-activating factor (PAF). Butanoyl PAF's concentration in oxidized low-density lipoprotein surpasses that of enzymatically generated PAF by more than 100-fold .
Rifamycin S, a quinone, is an antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria (including MRSA). Rifamycin S is the oxidized forms of a reversible oxidation-reduction system involving two electrons. Rifamycin S generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation. Rifamycin S can be used for tuberculosis and leprosy .
Diaporthein B is one of the most highly oxidized pimarane diterpenes. Diaporthein B exhibits activity against M. tuberculosis, with a MIC of 3.1 μg/mL. Diaporthein B reveals IC50s of 1.5-3 μM against HCT 116 and LoVo colon cancer cells .
Chlorfenapyr is a pyrrole insecticide. Chlorfenapyr has a mode of action: the mixed function oxidase oxidizes and removes the Nethoxymethyl group to form the active metabolite, CL 303268. Chlorfenapyr is used for termite control and crop protection against a variety of insect and mite pests .
Choline hydroxide is a Choline hydrogen oxidized derivative and a strong organic base, can be used as the standard alkaline to adjust the pH of the medium. Choline is an orally active nutrient, serves as an important component of lecithin and sphingomyelin, promotes fat metabolism .
Rifamycin S (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rifamycin S. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rifamycin S, a quinone, is an antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria (including MRSA). Rifamycin S is the oxidized forms of a reversible oxidation-reduction system involving two electrons. Rifamycin S generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation. Rifamycin S can be used for tuberculosis and leprosy .
DPPD-Q is an oxidized derivative of the antioxidant and substituted p-phenylenediamine DPPD, which is found in tire wear particles and crumb rubber, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and wastewater influent and effluent. DPPD-Q inhibits jack bean urease by 91.4% at 5 µM .
Chlorfenapyr (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chlorfenapyr. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chlorfenapyr is a pyrrole insecticide. Chlorfenapyr has a mode of action: the mixed function oxidase oxidizes and removes the Nethoxymethyl group to form the active metabolite, CL 303268. Chlorfenapyr is used for termite control and crop protection against a variety of insect and mite pests .
SA09-Cu is a noncompetitive and potent NDM-1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 9.6 nM. SA09-Cu can convert NDM-1 into an inactive state by oxidizing the Zn(II)-thiolate site of the enzyme and avoids to be reduced by intracellular thiols of bacteria. SA09-Cu exhibits excellent inhibition against a series of clinical NDM-1-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in restoring the Meropenem (HY-13678) effect, and slows down the development of carbapenem resistance .
FAPy-adenine is an oxidized DNA base. Fapy-adenine shows an increased trend levels in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases .
Cholesterol Dehydrogenase, Nocardia sp. is an enzyme that uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)) as its cofactor in oxidizing cholesterol to form cholest-4-en-3-one. This enzyme oxidizes the hydroxyl group at the 3 position of the sterol ring to form a ketone.
Orticumab (MLDL1278A) is an antibody targeting to oxidized or malondialdehyde-modified lipoprotein (LDL). Orticumab specifically inhibits oxidizedlow-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). Orticumab involves in modulation of autoimmune responses against oxLDL, improves atherosclerosis in animal model. Orticumab also can be used for research of psoriasis improvement .
Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester is a methylated docosahexaenoic acid analog which can be intercalated into membrane phospholipids without being oxidized or hydrolyzed.
Peroxidase, Horseradish actively involves in oxidizing reactive oxygen species, innate immunity, hormone biosynthesis and pathogenesis of several diseases .
Celloheptaose is an oligosaccharide, consisting of seven glucose residues. Celloheptaose is the substrate of Polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs), to generate oxidized cellulo-oligosaccharides .
Ganodermacetal is a highly oxidized lanostane triterpene, that can be isolated from G. amboinense. Ganodermacetal shows a marked toxicity to brine shrimp larvae .
Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation.
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particles contain low molecular weight species which are cytotoxic and pro-atherogenic. Many of these substances were isolated and purified from oxLDL and identified as phosphatidylcholine species containing a fragmented, oxidized short-chain fatty acid remnant at the sn-2 position. PAz-PC (Azelaoyl PC) is one of the predominant oxLDL species and may be one of the important structural determinants of oxLDL.
Paracetamol-cysteine is a Paracetamol-cysteine Paracetamol protein adduct (PPA) and is formed when paracetamol is oxidized to the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) .
Dichloramine-T is a strong oxidizer and disinfectant, with strong oxidation and sterilization. Dichloramine-T is also widely used in the medical and health field for disinfection and sterilization operations .
PTX-M is an oxidized metabolite of Pentoxifylline (HY-B0715). Pentoxifylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that can be used for the study of peripheral vascular, inflammatory, and immune diseases .
BODIPY 581/591 C11 is a BODIPY borofluoroprene derivative with good light stability and low fluorescence artifacts. BODIPY 581/591 C11 can be used for study lipid peroxidation and antioxidant properties in living cells, or detect ferroptosis by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. BODIPY 581/591 C11 is emitted at 591 nm (reduced prototype), or redshifted to 510 nm (oxidized type). The excitation wavelengths were 581 nm (reduced prototype) and 500 nm (oxidized type) .
MitoSOX Red is a live cell fluorescent probe that specifically targets mitochondria and is cell membrane permeable. MitoSOX Red enters mitochondria and is oxidized by superoxide but not by other ROS or RNS generating systems. The oxidized MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in mitochondria/nucleus, producing strong red fluorescence. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) can prevent the oxidation of MitoSOX Red. Excitation/emission wavelength: 510/580 nm.
DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. When DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized, it forms a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
L-Methionine sulfone is a sulfonic acid derivative of L-Methionine (HY-N0326). L-Methionine in the presence of a number of oxidizing systems is readily converted to L-Methionine sulfone .
Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate is a oxidation-reduction titration indicator. Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate shows a colourless reduced form and a red-violet oxidized form .
CaMKP inhibitor sodium (compound 5) is an inhibitor of Ca 2+/neutral protein-dependent protein concentration (CaMKP) and its nuclear type (CaMKP-N) (IC50: 6.4 μM, CaMKP; 6.6 μM, CaMKP-N). CaMKP is one type of Ser/Thr protein, which can be passed through to remove the oxidizedoxidized protein (CaMK). CaMKP inhibitor sodium inhibits CaMKP mediated phospho-CaMKI hydrolysis, unaffectes protein phosphoric acid 2C (PP2C) and calcineurin (CaN) .
1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PAPC) is a phospholipid containing palmitic acid (16:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4) at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, that is found in biological membranes. PAPC is oxidized in vivo, and its oxidation products are involved in chronic inflammation and vascular disease. PAPC has been used to study signaling of oxidized phospholipids. Levels of PAPC are decreased in isolated human multiple myeloma cells.
Robinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Robinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Robinin is a flavonoid that can be extracted from the leaves of purple cowpea, inhibiting TGF-β, TLR4/NF-κB and TLR2-PI3k-AKT signaling pathways. Robinin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. The combination of Robinin and Methotrexate (HY-14519) reduces inflammation in experimental arthritis, Robinin can decrease the Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) induced cardiac toxicity effect .
Robinin is a flavonoid that can be extracted from the leaves of purple cowpea, inhibiting TGF-β, TLR4/NF-κB and TLR2-PI3k-AKT signaling pathways. Robinin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. The combination of Robinin and Methotrexate (HY-14519) reduces inflammation in experimental arthritis, Robinin can decrease the Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) induced cardiac toxicity effect .
DCP-Bio3 is a biotinylated probe that can detect labeled proteins in polyacrylamide gels. DCP-Bio3 can be used in research for the identification of oxidized and modified proteins .
Nicotinamide-guanine dinucleotide sodium, a NAD sodium (HY-B0445A) analog, is an oxidized forms of nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide. Nicotinamide-guanine dinucleotide sodium serves as coenzymes for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in vitro .
POVPC is an oxidized phospholipid can be found in in oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). POVPC inhibits VSMC growth in high serum condition. POVPC induces apoptosis in low serum condition .
L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
1-Palmitoyl-2-succinyl-sn-glycerophosphorylcholine is a glycerophosphorylcholine, consisting of glycerol phosphate, choline and palmitic acid. It accumulates in vivo at sites of oxidative stress. 1-Palmitoyl-2-succinyl-sn-glycerophosphorylcholine may be a ligand of scavenger receptors class B, while oxidized phospholipids oxPC(CD36) are potent ligands of scavenger receptors class B (CD36 and SR-BI). Oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) also play an important role in tumor apoptosis, may be elevated in malignant biliary strictures .
D-methionine sulfoxide hydrochloride is the D-isomer of Methionine sulfoxide hydrochloride. Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidation product of methionine. Methionine is the limiting amino acid in milk or leguminous proteins, which is easily oxidized during the course of storage or processing .
D-methionine sulfoxide is the D-isomer of Methionine sulfoxide. Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidation product of methionine. Methionine is the limiting amino acid in milk or leguminous proteins , which is easily oxidized during the course of storage or processing .
Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester (Standard) is the analytical standard of Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester is a methylated docosahexaenoic acid analog which can be intercalated into membrane phospholipids without being oxidized or hydrolyzed.
Cortisone acetate (Cortisone 21-acetate), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acetate acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone acetate can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is a probe compound shown to react mainly with organic matter ( 3DOM *). 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is rapidly oxidized by singlet oxygen in aqueous solution .
4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol (P-Methoxy-benzyl alcohol; (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol) is a Benzyl alcohol (HY-B0892) derivative, which is photocatalytically oxidized into p-anisaldehyde (PAA) in water .
1-Adamantanol is a cyclic molecule with a hydroxyl group that can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of adamantane. 1-Adamantanol can be oxidized to 1,3-adamantanediol by the Streptomyces SA8 oxidation system .
Docosahexaenoic acid-d5 methyl ester is the deuterium labeled Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester. Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester is a methylated docosahexaenoic acid analog which can be intercalated into membrane phospholipids without being oxidized or hydrolyzed[1][2].
TMPD dihydrochloride, a readily oxidizable compound, is an enzymatically convert redox active substrate molecule. TMPD dihydrochloride is also an electron donor and serves as a reducing cosubstrate for heme peroxidases . TMPD dihydrochloride is also a complex IV substrate .
Leucoberbelin blue I (LBB) is a leuco base that is oxidized by manganese through a hydrogen atom transfer reaction forming a colored complex. Leucoberbelin blue I can be used to quantify or confirm the Mn (II) oxides formation .
Keracyanin (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Keracyanin (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Keracyanin chloride (Cyanidin 3-rutinoside chloride), an anthocyanin, has antioxidant activity. Keracyanin chloride inhibits malonaldehyde formation in oxidized calf thymus DNA .
Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) is a non-fluorescent reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicator. Dihydrorhodamine 123 is oxidized to fluorescent Rhodamine 123 (HY-D0816) within cells in the presence of reactive oxygen species and it localizes in mitochondria.
Manganese peroxidase is a heme protein that oxidizes Mn2+ to Mn3+. Manganese peroxidase catalyzes plant lignin de-polymerization. Manganese peroxidase can be used for the biodegradation of hazardous environmental contaminants, and especially for dye wastewater decolorization .
DL-dithiothreitol-d6 is the deuterated form of DL-dithiothreitol. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized to form a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
Lysophosphatidylcholines is an orally active lysolipid and a component of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). Lysophosphatidylcholines induces cell injury, the production of IL-1β and apoptosis. Lysophosphatidylcholines has a proactive effect on sepsis .
(2E)-4-Hydroperoxy-2-nonenal is a lipid peroxidation product derived from oxidized ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and can be used as a marker of oxidative stress .
Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
Dipropyl disulfide is oxidized to dipropyl thiosulfinate (DPDSO) by rat microsomes. Both flavincontaining monooxygenases (FMO) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are involved in dipropyl disulfide oxidation. Dipropyl disulfide forms two metabolites: propylglutathione sulfide conjugate and propylthiol .
DL-dithiothreitol-d10 is the deuterated form of DL-dithiothreitol. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. When DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized, it forms a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
DL-dithiothreitol-d10-1 is the deuterated form of DL-dithiothreitol. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized to form a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
Sodium α-ketoisocaproate, the transamination product of leucine, stimulates insulin secretion. Sodium α-ketoisocaproate (α-KIC) can either be oxidized to acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, or it yields leucine through transamination with glutamate, forming α-KG (HY-44134) .
L-Homocystine-d8 is the deuterium labeled L-Homocystine. L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
Saccharopine (L-Saccharopine) hydrochloride, a lysine degradation intermediate, is a mitochondrial toxin. Lysine and α-ketoglutarate are converted into Saccharopine hydrochloride by the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase. Saccharopine hydrochloride is then oxidized to α-aminoapidate semialdehyde and glutamate by the saccharopine dehydrogenase. Saccharopine hydrochloride impairs development by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis .
Saccharopine (L-Saccharopine), a lysine degradation intermediate, is a mitochondrial toxin. Lysine and α-ketoglutarate are converted into Saccharopine by the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase. Saccharopine is then oxidized to α-aminoapidate semialdehyde and glutamate by the saccharopine dehydrogenase. Saccharopine impairs development by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis .
Butenoyl-PAF is a phospholipid analog of platelet activating factor (PAF-like) that is generated in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (DLDR). Butenoyl-PAF can activate cells that express human PAF receptors, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets, and it stimulates an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration .
Cytochalasin A is a cell-permeable fungal toxin that is an oxidized derivative of cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin A is an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (IC50=3 μM) and inhibits actin polymerization and interferes with microtubule assembly by reacting with sulfhydryl groups. Antibiotic and fungicidal activitives .
Obacunone is a highly oxidized triterpenoid limonoid isolated from citrus plants. Obacunone exerts its anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis. Obacunone also protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage .
BI-0115 is a selective inhibitor of LOX-1 (IC50=5.4 µM) that blocks cellular uptake of oxLDL. BI-0115 binding triggers receptor inhibition by formation of dimers of the homodimeric ligand binding domain .
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particles contain low molecular weight species that are cytotoxic and proatherogenic. Many of these species were recently isolated and purified from oxLDL and identified as phosphatidylcholine species containing fragmented oxidized short-chain fatty acid residues at the sn-2 position. 1-(Palmitoyl)-2-(5-keto-6-octene-dioyl)phosphatidylcholine or KOdiA-PC is one of the most potent CD36 ligands of the oxLDL species. KOdiA-PC confers CD36 scavenger receptor binding affinity to LDL at a frequency of only 2 to 3 KOdiA-PC molecules/LDL particle and may be one of the more important structural determinants of oxLDL.
VB-201 is an oxidized phospholipid small molecule with anti-inflammatory activity. VB-201 inhibits CD14- and Toll-like receptor 2-dependent innate cell activation. VB-201 limits the progression of atherosclerosis and can be used to study atherosclerosis .
Lp-PLA2-IN-17 (Compound 39) is an inhibitor of Lp-PLA2. Lp-PLA2-IN-17 can be used to study disorders involving the hydrolysis of oxidized lipids into two inflammatory substances with the participation of Lp-PLA2 .
β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, reduced form disodium (β-NMN) is the oxidized form of NAD+ precursor and is a NAD+ enhancer. β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, reduced form disodium can be reduced to dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide (NMNH). NMNH inhibits glycolysis, TCA cycle, and cell growth .
Cortisone acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cortisone acetate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cortisone acetate (Cortisone 21-acetate), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acetate acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone acetate can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
8-Hydroxyguanosine, an oxidized nucleoside, is a marker of RNA oxidative damage and oxidative stress. 8-Hydroxyguanosine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of murine B cells with immunostimulatory activity. 8-Hydroxyguanosine is promising for research of Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome .
Carboxy finasteride is a metabolite of the 5α-reductase inhibitor Finasteride (HY-13635). Finasteride is biotransformed by cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) and is successively oxidized to Hydroxy finasteride and Carboxy finasteride. Carboxy finasteride is the major metabolite in urine, while Hydroxy finasteride is the major metabolite in plasma .
Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) is an organic compound commonly used as a catalyst and oxidizing agent. It can play an oxidation role in some organic synthesis reactions, and can catalyze the oxidation reactions of olefins and aromatic compounds. In addition, the compound is widely used in some industrial production areas, such as in the application of plastics, rubber and textile manufacturing processes.
Phenyramidol hydrochloride is an anticoagulant and analgesic with activity that increases detection sensitivity in biological samples. Phenyramidol hydrochloride can be oxidized in aqueous media by electrochemical methods to achieve its quantitative analysis. The detection of Phenyramidol hydrochloride using an amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode showed significant enhancement of the current peak .
Cortisone-d8 is the deuterium labeled Cortisone. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations[1][3][4].
9(S)-HODE cholesteryl ester is originally extracted from atherosclerotic lesions. It remains uncertain whether the oxidized fatty acid portion of the molecule results from enzymatic lipoxygenation or from random lipid peroxidation.2 9(S)-HODE cholesteryl ester can be used as a standard for analysis of chiral HODE cholesteryl esters.
Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity .
8-Hydroxy guanosine- 13C, 15N2 is 13C and 15N labeled 8-Hydroxyguanosine. 8-Hydroxyguanosine, an oxidized nucleoside, is a marker of RNA oxidative damage and oxidative stress. 8-Hydroxyguanosine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B cells .
9(R)-HODE cholesteryl ester is originally extracted from atherosclerotic lesions. It remains uncertain whether the oxidized fatty acid portion of the molecule results from enzymatic lipoxygenation or from random lipid peroxidation.2 9(R)-HODE cholesteryl ester can be used as a standard for analysis of chiral HODE cholesteryl esters.
4',5-Dihydroxyflavone is a soybean LOX-1 and yeast α-Glucosidase inhibitor, with an Ki of 102.6 μM for soybean LOX-1 and an IC50 of 66 μM for yeast α-glucosidase. LOX-1 isshort for Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1.
NAD (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) sodium is an analogue of NAD. NAD sodium can be reduced to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) during coupling with reactions which oxidize organic substrates. NAD sodium can be converted to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and passes to the inside of mitochondria that indirectly generates ATP .
9-OxoODE results from oxidation of the allylic hydroxyl of either 9(S)- or 9(R)-HODE. Rabbit reticulocyte plasma and mitochondrial membranes contain both 9- and 13-oxoODEs, representing about 2% of the total linoleate residues in the membranes. Most of these oxidized linoleate residues are esterified to membrane lipids.
N-Acetyldopamine dimer-2 (compound 2) is a N-acetyldopamine dimer that can be isolated from the yellow powder form Periostracum Cicadae with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. N-Acetyldopamine dimer-2 inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, ROS generation, NO production, and NF-κB activity .
Cortisone- 13C3 is the 13C-labeled Cortisone. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations[1][3][4].
Cortisone-d2 is the deuterium labeled Cortisone. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations[1][3][4][5].
Pyridoxal is a neuroprotectant. Pyridoxal is one of the main forms of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase to pyridoxal phosphate (HY-B1744). Pyridoxal is oxidized by the liver to 4-pyridoxic acid (HY-113493) and excreted in the urine. Pyridoxal has shown promise in the study of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) .
Tempo is a nitric oxide radical and a selective scavenger of ROS in mitochondria. Tempo is also an organocatalyst that disproportionates superoxide and oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes in a catalytic cycle. Tempo has mutagenic and antioxidant effects and can induceDNA strand breaks. Tempo also exerts cytotoxic and mutagenic properties in mouse lymphoma cells .
Cortisone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cortisone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
Halazone is an atypical antimicrobial sulfonamide derivative and a carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor with a Kd value of 1.45 µM. Halazone protects sodium channels from inactivation. Halazone is widely used for disinfection of drinking water .
Detomidine carboxylic acid is the major urinary metabolite of Detomidine. Detomidine is a synthetic α2-adrenergic agonist. Detomidine also has cardiac and respiratory effects and an antidiuretic action .
1-PalMitoyl-2-arachidoyllecithin-d9-1 (1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-d9-1) is deuterium labeled 1-PalMitoyl-2-arachidoyllecithin. 1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PAPC) is a phospholipid containing palmitic acid (16:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4) at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, that is found in biological membranes. PAPC is oxidized in vivo, and its oxidation products are involved in chronic inflammation and vascular disease. PAPC has been used to study signaling of oxidized phospholipids. Levels of PAPC are decreased in isolated human multiple myeloma cells .
4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol (Standard) is the analytical standard of 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol (P-Methoxy-benzyl alcohol; (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol) is a Benzyl alcohol (HY-B0892) derivative, which is photocatalytically oxidized into p-anisaldehyde (PAA) in water .
3-HTC is a chemical fluorescent probe. 3-HTC reacts reversibly with thiols and disulfides, and can be used to measure dynamic GSH/GSSH ratios in vitro as well as to monitor the reversible redox status of whole cell lysates (λmax: 448 nm in its reduced thiolate form, and a λmax 370-410 nm for the oxidized mixed disulfide) .
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol-d11 is the deuterium labeled 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol[1]. 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is a probe compound shown to react mainly with organic matter (3DOM*). 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is rapidly oxidized by singlet oxygen in aqueous solution[2][3].
Obacunone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Obacunone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Obacunone is a highly oxidized triterpenoid limonoid isolated from citrus plants. Obacunone exerts its anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis. Obacunone also protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage .
Nrf2 activator-9 (compound D-36) is an Nrf2 activator that inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis in HUVEC cells. Nrf2 activator-9 inhibits oxLDL and HG-induced vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury and can effectively prevent and treat atherosclerosis .
Streptolysin O, a group A streptococcal toxin, is a well-characterized oxygen-labile prototype of a cholesterol-binding bacterial exotoxin. Streptolysin O causes both lysis of cells and cardiotoxicity. Streptolysin O is widely used for the controlled permeabilization of cell membranes. Streptolysin O exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state .
Dihydrorhodamine 6G (DHR 6G) is the reduced form of Rhodamine 6G, which is used as fluorescent mitochondrial dye. It is nonfluorescent, but it readily enters most of the cells and is oxidized by oxidative species or by cellular redox systems to the fluorescent rhodamine 6G that accumulates in mitochondrial membranes. Dihydrorhodamine 6G is useful for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide .
Phenyramidol (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenyramidol (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenyramidol hydrochloride is an anticoagulant and analgesic with activity that increases detection sensitivity in biological samples. Phenyramidol hydrochloride can be oxidized in aqueous media by electrochemical methods to achieve its quantitative analysis. The detection of Phenyramidol hydrochloride using an amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode showed significant enhancement of the current peak .
Myristoyl coenzyme A is a myristoylated coenzyme A (CoA). Myristoylation is an essential process in viruses and is generally controlled by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). And NMT is more active in colon epithelial tumors than in normal cells. Reduced Ccoenzyme A (CoA) is known to be a key regulator of NMT activity, whereas oxidized CoA does not allow NMT to promote myristoylation. Myristoyl coenzyme A blocks the demyristoylation process and has potential anticancer and antiviral mechanisms.
oxLig-1 (7-Ketocholesteryl-9-carboxynonanoate) is the lipid moiety of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and is a key ligand for β-glycoprotein I (β(2)-GPI). oxLig-1 causes nuclear translocation by activating the NF-κB pathway. oxLig-1 can be used in the study of atherosclerosis (AS) .
Phenyramidol (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenyramidol (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenyramidol hydrochloride is an anticoagulant and analgesic with activity that increases detection sensitivity in biological samples. Phenyramidol hydrochloride can be oxidized in aqueous media by electrochemical methods to achieve its quantitative analysis. The detection of Phenyramidol hydrochloride using an amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode showed significant enhancement of the current peak .
(-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6 .
AST 7062601 (AST070) is a Ucp1 inducer that strongly induces endogenous Ucp1 expression in primary mouse brown adipocytes. Ucp1 refers to uncoupling protein, found in brown and beige fat cells. In mammals, UCP1 oxidizes fatty acids and uncouples ATP production in mitochondria to promote energy dissipation as heat. AST 7062601 can be used to study thermogenic, uncoupled respiration .
Tempo (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tempo. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tempo is a nitric oxide radical and a selective scavenger of ROS in mitochondria. Tempo is also an organocatalyst that disproportionates superoxide and oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes in a catalytic cycle. Tempo has mutagenic and antioxidant effects and can induceDNA strand breaks. Tempo also exerts cytotoxic and mutagenic properties in mouse lymphoma cells [4].
Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.11.1.9) belongs to the peroxidase family and is commonly used in biochemical research. Glutathione Peroxidase can catalyze reduced glutathione (GSH) to form a disulfide bridge with another glutathione molecule, convert it into oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and react with hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxide reaction, reducing it to H2O. Glutathione Peroxidase is an effective antioxidant against oxidative stress .
ALDH1A1-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (aldh1a1). Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) constitute a family of enzymes that play a critical role in oxidizing various cytotoxic xenogenic and biogenic aldehydes. ALDH1A1-IN-2 has the potential for the research of cancer, inflammation, or obesity (extracted from patent WO2019089626A1, compound 295) .
HS-291 is a HtpG inhibitor of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). HS-291 contains BX-2819 (high affinity for Bb HtpG), PEG linker, and Verteporfin (HY-B0146) (a photoactive toxin).HS-291 produces reactive oxygen species under light activation to oxidizeHtpG and a discrete protein subset near chaperone proteins and can quickly and irreversibly inactivate Bb .
Myristoyl coenzyme A lithium is lithium-labeled myristoylated coenzyme A (CoA). Myristoylation is an essential process in viruses and is generally controlled by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). And NMT is more active in colon epithelial tumors than in normal cells. Reduced Ccoenzyme A (CoA) is known to be a key regulator of NMT activity, whereas oxidized CoA does not allow NMT to promote myristoylation. Myristoyl coenzyme A blocks the demyristoylation process and has potential anticancer and antiviral mechanisms.
Cucurbitacin B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cucurbitacin B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity .
Buthidazole is a selective herbicide for weed control in corn. Buthidazole inhibits photosynthetic electron transport at two distinct sites in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. The major site of inhibition was on the reducing side of photosystem II. Another site of electron transport inhibition is on the oxidizing side of photosystem II. Buthidazole inhibits corn photosynthesis and prevents starch accumulation in bundle sheath chloroplasts and some ultrastructural disruption of mesophyl chloroplasts of corn plants .
NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
1-Phenylethane-1,2-diol (Styrene Glycol) is a benzyl diol compound, which is the major metabolite of Styrene. 1-Phenylethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized to hydroxyl ketone (2-hydroxy-1-phenylethan-1-one) selectively with variety of catalysts, including organocatalysts, metal complexes, non-noble metal oxides, bimetallics .
Pyridoxal hydrochloride, the hydrochloride form of Pyridoxal (HY-107469), is a newly developed neuroprotective agent. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is one of the major forms of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is solvolyzed in methanol to form pyridoxal monomethylacetal. Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase to Pyridoxal phosphate (HY-B1744). Pyridoxal is oxidized by the liver to 4-Pyridoxic acid (HY-113493) which is excreted in the urine. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is proming for research of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) .
Streptolysin O (≥1000000 units/mg) is a ≥1000000 units/mg Streptolysin O (HY-135416). Streptolysin O, a group A streptococcal toxin, is a well-characterized oxygen-labile prototype of a cholesterol-binding bacterial exotoxin. Streptolysin O causes both lysis of cells and cardiotoxicity. Streptolysin O is widely used for the controlled permeabilization of cell membranes. Streptolysin O exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state .
(-)-Fenchone (Standard) is the analytical standard of (-)-Fenchone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6 .
NADP sodium salt is the sodium salt form of NADP (HY-113325). NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
NADP sodium hydrate is the sodium salt hydrate form of NADP (HY-113325). NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
TOOS (TOOS sodium salt) is a highly water-soluble aniline derivative widely used in diagnostics and biological experiments. TOOS can be combined with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) to form a chromogenic system to measure oxidase activity. In the MBTH-TOOS chromogenic system, MBTH is catalytically oxidized to produce (-NH) free radicals, which react with TOOS to form colorless compounds. Furthermore, the colorless compound undergoes a disproportionation reaction to produce a blue-violet quinoid compound .
Resolvin D5 is a prolytic mediator (SPM) with anti-inflammatory activity derived from oxidized lipids DHA. Resolvin D5 inhibits Th17 cell differentiation and promotes regulatory T cell differentiation, and inhibits CD4+ T cell proliferation. Resolvin D5 attenuates osteoclast differentiation and interferes with osteoclastogenesis. Resolvin D5 also regulates ERK phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Resolvin D5 could be used in rheumatoid arthritis research .
NADP disodium salt is the disodium salt form of NADP (HY-113325). NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
(R)-(+)-Mequitazine is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist that mainly undergoes bio-transformation via human liver microsomes, resulting in hydroxylated and S-oxidized metabolites. (R)-(+)-Mequitazine competitively binds to the H1 receptors in gastrointestinal, vascular, and respiratory effect cells, thus blocking the endogenous activity of histamine. (R)-(+)-Mequitazine has an inhibitory effect on CYP3A-catalyzed midazolam 1’-hydroxylase. (R)-(+)-Mequitazine can be used in the study of various allergic diseases .
Pyridoxal hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyridoxal hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyridoxal hydrochloride, the hydrochloride form of Pyridoxal (HY-107469), is a newly developed neuroprotective agent. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is one of the major forms of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is solvolyzed in methanol to form pyridoxal monomethylacetal. Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase to Pyridoxal phosphate (HY-B1744). Pyridoxal is oxidized by the liver to 4-Pyridoxic acid (HY-113493) which is excreted in the urine. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is proming for research of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) .
Dichloroindophenol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dichloroindophenol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dichloroindophenol is a compound belonging to the class of organic compounds. It is a redox indicator commonly used in analytical chemistry and biochemical experiments to detect the presence of certain compounds such as vitamin C and sulfite ion. Dichloroindophenol is an oxidizing agent that changes color from blue to colorless when it reacts with reducing agents. This color change is used to determine the concentration of reducing agent present in the sample. Dichloroindophenol has various applications in the food industry, especially in the analysis of food additives and preservatives.
3-Indoxyl phosphate (3-IP) is a chromogenic and electrochemical substrate for alkaline phosphatase. Upon enzymatic cleavage by alkaline phosphatase, 3-indoxyl is released and subsequently oxidized to produce water-insoluble indigo, which can be quantified by colorimetric detection at 660 nm as a measure of alkaline phosphatase activity. 3-Indoxyl phosphate can also be converted to water-soluble leucoindigo by reduction of indigo in alkaline solution by sodium dithionite, which can be quantified by colorimetric detection at 415 nm or voltametric detection as a measure of alkaline phosphatase activity.2 3-Indoxyl phosphate has been used in ELISAs.
6-(L-1,2,3-Trihydroxybutyl)-pterin is a derivative of L-biopterin (HY-102015) and is the oxidized form of tetrahydro-L-biopterin (BH4) as well as D-biopterin. Co-ingestion of 6-(L-1,2,3-Trihydroxybutyl)-pterin (0.5%) with the carcinogen 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene reduces the incidence of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-induced liver tumors in rats. 6-(L-1,2,3-Trihydroxybutyl)-pterin has been used as an internal standard for the LC-MS quantification of biopterin and neopterin in rat plasma.
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an oxidized forms of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in mammalian DNA. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is produced from 5mC in an enzymatic pathway involving three 5mC oxidases, Ten-eleven translocation (TET)1, TET2, and TET3. The conversion of 5mC into 5hmC can be the first step in a pathway leading towards DNA demethylation. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with gene transcription and frequently used as a mark to investigate dynamic DNA methylation conversion during mammalian development .
2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate is a nucleoside composed of guanine and deoxyribose, and is one of the basic building blocks of DNA. In the oxidation reaction mediated by singlet oxygen 1O2, the guanine base of 2'-Deoxyguanosine is easily oxidized to generate two major products, 4,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxodG and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodG. The oxidation products of 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate may participate in DNA damage, which may affect gene expression or induce cancer .
Antioxidant agent-5 (compound D-6) is a potent antioxidant agent. Antioxidant agent-5 can inhibit oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein)-induced apoptosis and the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in VECs. Antioxidant agent-5 suppresses oxLDL-induced increase of ROS level and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Antioxidant agent-5 protects against oxLDL-induced endothelial injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 anti-oxidation pathway .
DC-Chol hydrochloride is a cationic lipid. DC-Chol hydrochloride could inhibit Aβ40 fibril formation under appropriate experimental conditions. DC-Chol hydrochloride strongly inhibits amyloidogenesis of oxidized hCT in a dose-dependent manner. DC-Chol hydrochloride induces the production of Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-5) cytokines. DC-Chol hydrochloride can enhance the body's immune response to antigens. DC-Chol hydrochloride is used as a gene delivery vector. DC-Chol hydrochloride can be used in research in areas such as hepatitis B vaccines to improve vaccine immunity .
2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Deoxyguanylic acid; dGMP) disodium hydrate is an oxidizable target of the photosensitizer pterin (PT) and can be used to evaluate the photosensitizing properties of biopterins (such as Bip, Fop and Cap) . Pterin causes a photosensitive reaction of dGMP under UV-A radiation, causing damage to DNA molecules. There are two main mechanisms for the photosensitive oxidation of purine nucleotides by pterin in vitro: one is the hydrogen abstraction reaction of electron transfer from dGMP to the triplet excited state of pterin (type I mechanism), and the other is the interaction between dGMP and pterin. The reaction produces singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) (Type II mechanism) .
11-Oxomogroside II A1 (compound 7) is an oxidized cucurbitin. It can be isolated from the ethanol extract of Rohanberry fruit. 11-Oxomogroside II A1 inhibits the activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EBV-EA) induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). 11-Oxomogroside II A1 also weakly inhibits the activation of (±)-(E)-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor .
1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PLPC) is a phospholipid used as a major component in lipid bilayer system models. 1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC can serve as an untreated control, mixed with oxidized lipids such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecanedienoyl)-lecithin (OHPLPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecanedienoyl)-lecithin (HpPLPC), to study the effects of oxidation on membrane properties .
1-Palmitoyl-2-13(S)-HODE-sn-glycero-3-PC (13-HODE-PC) is an oxidized phospholipid that contains Palmitic acid (HY-N0830) and 13(S)-HODE (HY-113884B) at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. 1-Palmitoyl-2-13(S)-HODE-sn-glycero-3-PC has the ability to compete for the binding of 125I-NO2-LDL (5 g/mL) to CD36-transfected 293 cells, with the IC50 of ＞ 200 μM .
7α,27-Dihydroxycholesterol is an oxysterol characterized by its oxidized side chains and is produced through the hydroxylation of 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC); it serves as a metabolite of interest in lipidomic analyses of various pathological conditions, including neurological diseases, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, obesity metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Notably, levels of 7α,27-di-OHC decrease following lipopolysaccharide activation, and it also functions as a ligand for Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2). Additionally, 7α,27-di-OHC exists as a structural isomer of 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25-OHC).
Ru(dpp)3(PF6)2 is a complex containing metallic ruthenium (Ru) and is a chemiluminescent oxygen probe. [Ru(dpp)3] 2+ is a luminescent substance that can undergo metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), and fluorescence will appear during the transfer of Ru to the ligand. At the same time, the fluorescence of Ru(dpp)3(PF6)2 is effectively quenched by molecular oxygen, so it is widely used in biosensors, environmental monitoring, and materials science. The property of Ru(dpp)3(PF6)2, which oxidizes Ru 2+ to Ru 3+, has also been used to design and construct solid-state light-emitting electrochemical cells .
Methyl (E)-oct-2-enoate is commonly used as an ingredient in perfume, cologne, and food flavor in the perfume and fragrance industry. Its pleasant fragrance and low volatility make it a good choice for adding fruit to various products. A popular choice for incense, in addition to its application in the fragrance and fragrance industry, Methyl (E)-oct-2-enoate is also used as a raw material for the synthesis of other organic compounds, it can be oxidized to form methyl 3-oxobutyrate, Used in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Overall, Methyl (E)-oct-2-enoate is a versatile compound that is used in various industries for its pleasant aroma and reactivity, its fruity and floral notes in fragrances and essences Industry is highly sought after, and its ability to serve as a starting material for other compounds makes it useful in organic synthesis.
3-Oxo-cinobufagin (compound 8) is a potential anticancer compound that can be isolated from the broth of M. spinosus by high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to other isolated compounds, the hydroxyl group at the C-5 position of 3-Oxo-cinobufagin is further oxidized or isomerized, significantly reducing its cytotoxic activity against most cell lines (except HEL), while increasing its activity against the BEL cell line. The IC50 values of 3-Oxo-cinobufagin's cytotoxicity against cancer cells are: 71.3 μM (HepG2), 90.2 μM (SMMC-7221), 0.11 μM (BEL-7402), 72.5 μM (K562), 5.3 μM (HL-60), and 12 nM (HEL) .
4-hydroxy Nonenal Mercapturic Acid (4-HNE) is generated by the peroxidation of common ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid, DGLA, and arachidonic acid. 4-hydroxy Nonenal Mercapturic Acid is rapidly cleared from plasma and enters the enterohepatic circulation in rats as a glutathione conjugate. Approximately two-thirds of 4-hydroxy Nonenal Mercapturic Acid is excreted in the urine within 48 hours, primarily as mercapturic acid conjugates. Approximately half of the metabolites are C-1 aldehydes of 4-hydroxy Nonenal Mercapturic Acid that are reduced to alcohols. The remainder are C-1 aldehydes or have been oxidized to C-1 carboxylic acids. These aldehydes and carboxylic acids can also form gamma-lactols and gamma-lactones, respectively, resulting in at least four or five final urinary metabolites of 4-HNE in vivo.
NADP (Standard) is the analytical standard of NADP. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes . In Vitro:NADP can impair folate metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis in HCT116 cells at high concentrations, leading to the cessation of proliferation and prioritizing cell survival .
NADP forms NAADP through IL-8-driven CD38 to mobilize Ca 2+ and influence cell migration .
NADP de novo synthesis mediated by NADK upregulation provides power for anabolic reaction and antioxidant system to promote breast cancer metastasis .
NADP is upregulated in ROS generation mediated by hyperglycemia and IDPc induction, thereby protecting renal cells from oxidative stress .
BODIPY 581/591 C11 is a BODIPY borofluoroprene derivative with good light stability and low fluorescence artifacts. BODIPY 581/591 C11 can be used for study lipid peroxidation and antioxidant properties in living cells, or detect ferroptosis by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. BODIPY 581/591 C11 is emitted at 591 nm (reduced prototype), or redshifted to 510 nm (oxidized type). The excitation wavelengths were 581 nm (reduced prototype) and 500 nm (oxidized type) .
MitoSOX Red is a live cell fluorescent probe that specifically targets mitochondria and is cell membrane permeable. MitoSOX Red enters mitochondria and is oxidized by superoxide but not by other ROS or RNS generating systems. The oxidized MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in mitochondria/nucleus, producing strong red fluorescence. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) can prevent the oxidation of MitoSOX Red. Excitation/emission wavelength: 510/580 nm.
Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) is a non-fluorescent reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicator. Dihydrorhodamine 123 is oxidized to fluorescent Rhodamine 123 (HY-D0816) within cells in the presence of reactive oxygen species and it localizes in mitochondria.
3-HTC is a chemical fluorescent probe. 3-HTC reacts reversibly with thiols and disulfides, and can be used to measure dynamic GSH/GSSH ratios in vitro as well as to monitor the reversible redox status of whole cell lysates (λmax: 448 nm in its reduced thiolate form, and a λmax 370-410 nm for the oxidized mixed disulfide) .
3-Indoxyl phosphate (3-IP) is a chromogenic and electrochemical substrate for alkaline phosphatase. Upon enzymatic cleavage by alkaline phosphatase, 3-indoxyl is released and subsequently oxidized to produce water-insoluble indigo, which can be quantified by colorimetric detection at 660 nm as a measure of alkaline phosphatase activity. 3-Indoxyl phosphate can also be converted to water-soluble leucoindigo by reduction of indigo in alkaline solution by sodium dithionite, which can be quantified by colorimetric detection at 415 nm or voltametric detection as a measure of alkaline phosphatase activity.2 3-Indoxyl phosphate has been used in ELISAs.
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (mouse) is an oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). Oxidized low density lipoprotein (mouse) induces atherosclerosis (AS) by facilitating endothelial dysfunction and accelerating the VSMCs growth and migration .
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) (Human ox-LDL) is involved in atherogenesis. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) induces endothelial dysfunction via cytoplasmic adapter protein TRAF3IP2. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) can stimulate the activation of endothelial cells and the production of adhesion molecules, and inhibits eNOS activity and NO production. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Human) can activate NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages .
Copper(II) acetate, 99.99% trace metals basis is biochemical assay reagent that can be used a source of copper in inorganic synthesis, an oxidizing agent and as a catalyst in organic synthesis .
Peroxidase, Horseradish actively involves in oxidizing reactive oxygen species, innate immunity, hormone biosynthesis and pathogenesis of several diseases .
DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. When DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized, it forms a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate is a oxidation-reduction titration indicator. Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate shows a colourless reduced form and a red-violet oxidized form .
4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol (P-Methoxy-benzyl alcohol; (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol) is a Benzyl alcohol (HY-B0892) derivative, which is photocatalytically oxidized into p-anisaldehyde (PAA) in water .
1-Adamantanol is a cyclic molecule with a hydroxyl group that can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of adamantane. 1-Adamantanol can be oxidized to 1,3-adamantanediol by the Streptomyces SA8 oxidation system .
Leucoberbelin blue I (LBB) is a leuco base that is oxidized by manganese through a hydrogen atom transfer reaction forming a colored complex. Leucoberbelin blue I can be used to quantify or confirm the Mn (II) oxides formation .
Lysophosphatidylcholines is an orally active lysolipid and a component of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). Lysophosphatidylcholines induces cell injury, the production of IL-1β and apoptosis. Lysophosphatidylcholines has a proactive effect on sepsis .
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particles contain low molecular weight species that are cytotoxic and proatherogenic. Many of these species were recently isolated and purified from oxLDL and identified as phosphatidylcholine species containing fragmented oxidized short-chain fatty acid residues at the sn-2 position. 1-(Palmitoyl)-2-(5-keto-6-octene-dioyl)phosphatidylcholine or KOdiA-PC is one of the most potent CD36 ligands of the oxLDL species. KOdiA-PC confers CD36 scavenger receptor binding affinity to LDL at a frequency of only 2 to 3 KOdiA-PC molecules/LDL particle and may be one of the more important structural determinants of oxLDL.
Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) is an organic compound commonly used as a catalyst and oxidizing agent. It can play an oxidation role in some organic synthesis reactions, and can catalyze the oxidation reactions of olefins and aromatic compounds. In addition, the compound is widely used in some industrial production areas, such as in the application of plastics, rubber and textile manufacturing processes.
NAD (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) sodium is an analogue of NAD. NAD sodium can be reduced to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) during coupling with reactions which oxidize organic substrates. NAD sodium can be converted to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and passes to the inside of mitochondria that indirectly generates ATP .
4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol (Standard) is the analytical standard of 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol (P-Methoxy-benzyl alcohol; (4-Methoxyphenyl)methanol) is a Benzyl alcohol (HY-B0892) derivative, which is photocatalytically oxidized into p-anisaldehyde (PAA) in water .
Myristoyl coenzyme A is a myristoylated coenzyme A (CoA). Myristoylation is an essential process in viruses and is generally controlled by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). And NMT is more active in colon epithelial tumors than in normal cells. Reduced Ccoenzyme A (CoA) is known to be a key regulator of NMT activity, whereas oxidized CoA does not allow NMT to promote myristoylation. Myristoyl coenzyme A blocks the demyristoylation process and has potential anticancer and antiviral mechanisms.
TOOS (TOOS sodium salt) is a highly water-soluble aniline derivative widely used in diagnostics and biological experiments. TOOS can be combined with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) to form a chromogenic system to measure oxidase activity. In the MBTH-TOOS chromogenic system, MBTH is catalytically oxidized to produce (-NH) free radicals, which react with TOOS to form colorless compounds. Furthermore, the colorless compound undergoes a disproportionation reaction to produce a blue-violet quinoid compound .
Dichloroindophenol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dichloroindophenol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dichloroindophenol is a compound belonging to the class of organic compounds. It is a redox indicator commonly used in analytical chemistry and biochemical experiments to detect the presence of certain compounds such as vitamin C and sulfite ion. Dichloroindophenol is an oxidizing agent that changes color from blue to colorless when it reacts with reducing agents. This color change is used to determine the concentration of reducing agent present in the sample. Dichloroindophenol has various applications in the food industry, especially in the analysis of food additives and preservatives.
DC-Chol hydrochloride is a cationic lipid. DC-Chol hydrochloride could inhibit Aβ40 fibril formation under appropriate experimental conditions. DC-Chol hydrochloride strongly inhibits amyloidogenesis of oxidized hCT in a dose-dependent manner. DC-Chol hydrochloride induces the production of Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-5) cytokines. DC-Chol hydrochloride can enhance the body's immune response to antigens. DC-Chol hydrochloride is used as a gene delivery vector. DC-Chol hydrochloride can be used in research in areas such as hepatitis B vaccines to improve vaccine immunity .
Ru(dpp)3(PF6)2 is a complex containing metallic ruthenium (Ru) and is a chemiluminescent oxygen probe. [Ru(dpp)3] 2+ is a luminescent substance that can undergo metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), and fluorescence will appear during the transfer of Ru to the ligand. At the same time, the fluorescence of Ru(dpp)3(PF6)2 is effectively quenched by molecular oxygen, so it is widely used in biosensors, environmental monitoring, and materials science. The property of Ru(dpp)3(PF6)2, which oxidizes Ru 2+ to Ru 3+, has also been used to design and construct solid-state light-emitting electrochemical cells .
Methyl (E)-oct-2-enoate is commonly used as an ingredient in perfume, cologne, and food flavor in the perfume and fragrance industry. Its pleasant fragrance and low volatility make it a good choice for adding fruit to various products. A popular choice for incense, in addition to its application in the fragrance and fragrance industry, Methyl (E)-oct-2-enoate is also used as a raw material for the synthesis of other organic compounds, it can be oxidized to form methyl 3-oxobutyrate, Used in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Overall, Methyl (E)-oct-2-enoate is a versatile compound that is used in various industries for its pleasant aroma and reactivity, its fruity and floral notes in fragrances and essences Industry is highly sought after, and its ability to serve as a starting material for other compounds makes it useful in organic synthesis.
Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
L-Methionine sulfone is a sulfonic acid derivative of L-Methionine (HY-N0326). L-Methionine in the presence of a number of oxidizing systems is readily converted to L-Methionine sulfone .
Glutathione oxidized (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glutathione oxidized. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
Paracetamol-cysteine is a Paracetamol-cysteine Paracetamol protein adduct (PPA) and is formed when paracetamol is oxidized to the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) .
MCE GSH/GSSG Assay Kit is suitable for the quantitative determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, and tissue and cell extracts.
MCE NADP+/NADPH Assay Kit (WST-8) is a colorimetric assay that conveniently detects the oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH) forms of coenzyme II within cells, tissues, and other samples.
MCE NAD+/NADH Assay Kit (WST-8) is a colorimetric assay that conveniently detects the oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms of coenzyme Ⅰ within cells, tissues, and other samples.
Sensitive ECL Kit enables low picogram detection of antigen by oxidizing luminol in the presence of HRP and peroxide. This reaction produces a prolonged chemiluminescence which can be visualized on X-ray film or digital imaging systems.
High Sensitivity ECL Kit enables low picogram detection of antigen by oxidizing luminol in the presence of HRP and peroxide. This reaction produces a prolonged chemiluminescence which can be visualized on X-ray film or digital imaging systems.
Orticumab (MLDL1278A) is an antibody targeting to oxidized or malondialdehyde-modified lipoprotein (LDL). Orticumab specifically inhibits oxidizedlow-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). Orticumab involves in modulation of autoimmune responses against oxLDL, improves atherosclerosis in animal model. Orticumab also can be used for research of psoriasis improvement .
Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
Thiamine disulfide, a vitamin B1 derivative, is an oxidized dimer of Thiamine. Thiamine disulfide is a potent HIV-1 inhibitor. Thiamine disulfide significantly depresses HIV-1 transactivator (Tat) activity .
Rifamycin S, a quinone, is an antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria (including MRSA). Rifamycin S is the oxidized forms of a reversible oxidation-reduction system involving two electrons. Rifamycin S generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation. Rifamycin S can be used for tuberculosis and leprosy .
FAPy-adenine is an oxidized DNA base. Fapy-adenine shows an increased trend levels in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases .
Glutathione oxidized (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glutathione oxidized. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
Thiamine disulfide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thiamine disulfide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thiamine disulfide, a vitamin B1 derivative, is an oxidized dimer of Thiamine. Thiamine disulfide is a potent HIV-1 inhibitor. Thiamine disulfide significantly depresses HIV-1 transactivator (Tat) activity .
Rifamycin S (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rifamycin S. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rifamycin S, a quinone, is an antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria (including MRSA). Rifamycin S is the oxidized forms of a reversible oxidation-reduction system involving two electrons. Rifamycin S generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation. Rifamycin S can be used for tuberculosis and leprosy .
Celloheptaose is an oligosaccharide, consisting of seven glucose residues. Celloheptaose is the substrate of Polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs), to generate oxidized cellulo-oligosaccharides .
Ganodermacetal is a highly oxidized lanostane triterpene, that can be isolated from G. amboinense. Ganodermacetal shows a marked toxicity to brine shrimp larvae .
Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation.
Robinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Robinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Robinin is a flavonoid that can be extracted from the leaves of purple cowpea, inhibiting TGF-β, TLR4/NF-κB and TLR2-PI3k-AKT signaling pathways. Robinin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. The combination of Robinin and Methotrexate (HY-14519) reduces inflammation in experimental arthritis, Robinin can decrease the Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) induced cardiac toxicity effect .
Robinin is a flavonoid that can be extracted from the leaves of purple cowpea, inhibiting TGF-β, TLR4/NF-κB and TLR2-PI3k-AKT signaling pathways. Robinin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. The combination of Robinin and Methotrexate (HY-14519) reduces inflammation in experimental arthritis, Robinin can decrease the Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) induced cardiac toxicity effect .
L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
D-methionine sulfoxide is the D-isomer of Methionine sulfoxide. Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidation product of methionine. Methionine is the limiting amino acid in milk or leguminous proteins , which is easily oxidized during the course of storage or processing .
Cortisone acetate (Cortisone 21-acetate), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acetate acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone acetate can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is a probe compound shown to react mainly with organic matter ( 3DOM *). 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is rapidly oxidized by singlet oxygen in aqueous solution .
Keracyanin (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Keracyanin (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Keracyanin chloride (Cyanidin 3-rutinoside chloride), an anthocyanin, has antioxidant activity. Keracyanin chloride inhibits malonaldehyde formation in oxidized calf thymus DNA .
Manganese peroxidase is a heme protein that oxidizes Mn2+ to Mn3+. Manganese peroxidase catalyzes plant lignin de-polymerization. Manganese peroxidase can be used for the biodegradation of hazardous environmental contaminants, and especially for dye wastewater decolorization .
Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
Saccharopine (L-Saccharopine) hydrochloride, a lysine degradation intermediate, is a mitochondrial toxin. Lysine and α-ketoglutarate are converted into Saccharopine hydrochloride by the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase. Saccharopine hydrochloride is then oxidized to α-aminoapidate semialdehyde and glutamate by the saccharopine dehydrogenase. Saccharopine hydrochloride impairs development by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis .
Saccharopine (L-Saccharopine), a lysine degradation intermediate, is a mitochondrial toxin. Lysine and α-ketoglutarate are converted into Saccharopine by the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase. Saccharopine is then oxidized to α-aminoapidate semialdehyde and glutamate by the saccharopine dehydrogenase. Saccharopine impairs development by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis .
Cytochalasin A is a cell-permeable fungal toxin that is an oxidized derivative of cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin A is an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (IC50=3 μM) and inhibits actin polymerization and interferes with microtubule assembly by reacting with sulfhydryl groups. Antibiotic and fungicidal activitives .
Obacunone is a highly oxidized triterpenoid limonoid isolated from citrus plants. Obacunone exerts its anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis. Obacunone also protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage .
β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, reduced form disodium (β-NMN) is the oxidized form of NAD+ precursor and is a NAD+ enhancer. β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, reduced form disodium can be reduced to dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide (NMNH). NMNH inhibits glycolysis, TCA cycle, and cell growth .
Cortisone acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cortisone acetate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cortisone acetate (Cortisone 21-acetate), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acetate acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone acetate can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
8-Hydroxyguanosine, an oxidized nucleoside, is a marker of RNA oxidative damage and oxidative stress. 8-Hydroxyguanosine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of murine B cells with immunostimulatory activity. 8-Hydroxyguanosine is promising for research of Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome .
Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity .
4',5-Dihydroxyflavone is a soybean LOX-1 and yeast α-Glucosidase inhibitor, with an Ki of 102.6 μM for soybean LOX-1 and an IC50 of 66 μM for yeast α-glucosidase. LOX-1 isshort for Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1.
Pyridoxal is a neuroprotectant. Pyridoxal is one of the main forms of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase to pyridoxal phosphate (HY-B1744). Pyridoxal is oxidized by the liver to 4-pyridoxic acid (HY-113493) and excreted in the urine. Pyridoxal has shown promise in the study of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) .
Cortisone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cortisone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations .
Obacunone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Obacunone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Obacunone is a highly oxidized triterpenoid limonoid isolated from citrus plants. Obacunone exerts its anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis. Obacunone also protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage .
Streptolysin O, a group A streptococcal toxin, is a well-characterized oxygen-labile prototype of a cholesterol-binding bacterial exotoxin. Streptolysin O causes both lysis of cells and cardiotoxicity. Streptolysin O is widely used for the controlled permeabilization of cell membranes. Streptolysin O exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state .
Phenyramidol (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenyramidol (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenyramidol hydrochloride is an anticoagulant and analgesic with activity that increases detection sensitivity in biological samples. Phenyramidol hydrochloride can be oxidized in aqueous media by electrochemical methods to achieve its quantitative analysis. The detection of Phenyramidol hydrochloride using an amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode showed significant enhancement of the current peak .
(-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6 .
Myristoyl coenzyme A lithium is lithium-labeled myristoylated coenzyme A (CoA). Myristoylation is an essential process in viruses and is generally controlled by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). And NMT is more active in colon epithelial tumors than in normal cells. Reduced Ccoenzyme A (CoA) is known to be a key regulator of NMT activity, whereas oxidized CoA does not allow NMT to promote myristoylation. Myristoyl coenzyme A blocks the demyristoylation process and has potential anticancer and antiviral mechanisms.
Cucurbitacin B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cucurbitacin B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity .
NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
1-Phenylethane-1,2-diol (Styrene Glycol) is a benzyl diol compound, which is the major metabolite of Styrene. 1-Phenylethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized to hydroxyl ketone (2-hydroxy-1-phenylethan-1-one) selectively with variety of catalysts, including organocatalysts, metal complexes, non-noble metal oxides, bimetallics .
Pyridoxal hydrochloride, the hydrochloride form of Pyridoxal (HY-107469), is a newly developed neuroprotective agent. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is one of the major forms of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is solvolyzed in methanol to form pyridoxal monomethylacetal. Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase to Pyridoxal phosphate (HY-B1744). Pyridoxal is oxidized by the liver to 4-Pyridoxic acid (HY-113493) which is excreted in the urine. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is proming for research of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) .
Streptolysin O (≥1000000 units/mg) is a ≥1000000 units/mg Streptolysin O (HY-135416). Streptolysin O, a group A streptococcal toxin, is a well-characterized oxygen-labile prototype of a cholesterol-binding bacterial exotoxin. Streptolysin O causes both lysis of cells and cardiotoxicity. Streptolysin O is widely used for the controlled permeabilization of cell membranes. Streptolysin O exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state .
(-)-Fenchone (Standard) is the analytical standard of (-)-Fenchone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (-)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and found in essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare. (-)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6 .
NADP sodium hydrate is the sodium salt hydrate form of NADP (HY-113325). NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
Resolvin D5 is a prolytic mediator (SPM) with anti-inflammatory activity derived from oxidized lipids DHA. Resolvin D5 inhibits Th17 cell differentiation and promotes regulatory T cell differentiation, and inhibits CD4+ T cell proliferation. Resolvin D5 attenuates osteoclast differentiation and interferes with osteoclastogenesis. Resolvin D5 also regulates ERK phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Resolvin D5 could be used in rheumatoid arthritis research .
NADP disodium salt is the disodium salt form of NADP (HY-113325). NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
Pyridoxal hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyridoxal hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyridoxal hydrochloride, the hydrochloride form of Pyridoxal (HY-107469), is a newly developed neuroprotective agent. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is one of the major forms of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is solvolyzed in methanol to form pyridoxal monomethylacetal. Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase to Pyridoxal phosphate (HY-B1744). Pyridoxal is oxidized by the liver to 4-Pyridoxic acid (HY-113493) which is excreted in the urine. Pyridoxal hydrochloride is proming for research of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) .
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an oxidized forms of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in mammalian DNA. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is produced from 5mC in an enzymatic pathway involving three 5mC oxidases, Ten-eleven translocation (TET)1, TET2, and TET3. The conversion of 5mC into 5hmC can be the first step in a pathway leading towards DNA demethylation. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with gene transcription and frequently used as a mark to investigate dynamic DNA methylation conversion during mammalian development .
2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate is a nucleoside composed of guanine and deoxyribose, and is one of the basic building blocks of DNA. In the oxidation reaction mediated by singlet oxygen 1O2, the guanine base of 2'-Deoxyguanosine is easily oxidized to generate two major products, 4,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxodG and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodG. The oxidation products of 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate may participate in DNA damage, which may affect gene expression or induce cancer .
11-Oxomogroside II A1 (compound 7) is an oxidized cucurbitin. It can be isolated from the ethanol extract of Rohanberry fruit. 11-Oxomogroside II A1 inhibits the activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EBV-EA) induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). 11-Oxomogroside II A1 also weakly inhibits the activation of (±)-(E)-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor .
3-Oxo-cinobufagin (compound 8) is a potential anticancer compound that can be isolated from the broth of M. spinosus by high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to other isolated compounds, the hydroxyl group at the C-5 position of 3-Oxo-cinobufagin is further oxidized or isomerized, significantly reducing its cytotoxic activity against most cell lines (except HEL), while increasing its activity against the BEL cell line. The IC50 values of 3-Oxo-cinobufagin's cytotoxicity against cancer cells are: 71.3 μM (HepG2), 90.2 μM (SMMC-7221), 0.11 μM (BEL-7402), 72.5 μM (K562), 5.3 μM (HL-60), and 12 nM (HEL) .
NADP (Standard) is the analytical standard of NADP. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes . In Vitro:NADP can impair folate metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis in HCT116 cells at high concentrations, leading to the cessation of proliferation and prioritizing cell survival .
NADP forms NAADP through IL-8-driven CD38 to mobilize Ca 2+ and influence cell migration .
NADP de novo synthesis mediated by NADK upregulation provides power for anabolic reaction and antioxidant system to promote breast cancer metastasis .
NADP is upregulated in ROS generation mediated by hyperglycemia and IDPc induction, thereby protecting renal cells from oxidative stress .
The OLR1 protein is a receptor on vascular endothelial cells that plays a key role in the recognition, internalization, and degradation of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). As a marker of atherosclerosis, oxLDL induces activation of vascular endothelial cells, leading to proinflammatory responses, oxidative conditions, and apoptosis. OLR1 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived OLR1 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag.
The MTH1 protein functions as an oxidative purine nucleoside triphosphohydrolase and is essential for the protection of cellular nucleotide pools. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates (such as 2-oxo-dATP and 8-oxo-dGTP), preventing their incorporation into DNA and avoiding base pair transversions. MTH1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived MTH1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-His labeled tag.
The LOX-1/OLR1 protein plays an important role as a receptor that recognizes, internalizes, and degrades oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a marker of atherosclerosis, in vascular endothelial cells. OxLDL induces endothelial dysfunction, triggering pro-inflammatory responses, oxidative conditions, and apoptosis. LOX-1/OLR1 Protein, Rat (HEK293, His) is the recombinant rat-derived LOX-1/OLR1 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with N-His labeled tag. The total length of LOX-1/OLR1 Protein, Rat (HEK293, His) is 305 a.a., with molecular weight of 43-47 kDa.
OLR1 is a type II membrane glycoprotein belonging to C-type lectin family with a short N-terminal cytoplasmic tail and a long C-terminal extracellular domain. OLR1 binds ox-LDL, delipidated, and solubilized ox-LDL. LOX-1/OLR1 Protein, Cynomolgus (HEK293, His) is the recombinant cynomolgus-derived LOX-1/OLR1 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with N-His labeled tag. The total length of LOX-1/OLR1 Protein, Cynomolgus (HEK293, His) is 213 a.a., with molecular weight of ~37 KDa.
Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-like (TINAGL1); also known as Glucocorticoid-inducible protein 5; oxidized LDL-responsive gene 2 protein; TIN Ag-related protein; Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen-related protein; GIS5; LCN7; OLRG2 and TINAGL
TINAGL1 Protein, implicated in adrenocortical zonation, may regulate distinct adrenal cortex zones and repress CYP11B1 gene expression in adrenocortical cells. As a member of the non-catalytic peptidase C1 family, its distinctive function does not involve enzymatic activity. Unraveling TINAGL1's molecular pathways could offer insights into its role in adrenal physiology, shedding light on its potential to manipulate adrenal function. TINAGL1 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived TINAGL1 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag.
The LOX-1/OLR1 protein plays an important role as a receptor that recognizes, internalizes, and degrades oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a marker of atherosclerosis, in vascular endothelial cells. OxLDL induces endothelial dysfunction, triggering pro-inflammatory responses, oxidative conditions, and apoptosis. LOX-1/OLR1 Protein, Rat (HEK293, Fc) is the recombinant rat-derived LOX-1/OLR1 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with N-hFc labeled tag. The total length of LOX-1/OLR1 Protein, Rat (HEK293, Fc) is 305 a.a., with molecular weight of ~66 & 35 kDa, respectively.
RBCK1 is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that cooperates with specific E2 enzymes such as UBE2L3/UBCM4 to transfer ubiquitin to substrates. It acts as an E3 ligase that oxidizes IREB2, relying on heme and oxygen for IREB2 ubiquitination. RBCK1 Protein, Human is the recombinant human-derived RBCK1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free. The total length of RBCK1 Protein, Human is 509 a.a., .
RBCK1 is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that cooperates with specific E2 enzymes such as UBE2L3/UBCM4 to transfer ubiquitin to substrates. It acts as an E3 ligase that oxidizes IREB2, relying on heme and oxygen for IREB2 ubiquitination. RBCK1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived RBCK1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of RBCK1 Protein, Human (His) is 509 a.a., .
DL-dithiothreitol-d6 is the deuterated form of DL-dithiothreitol. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized to form a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
L-Homocystine-d8 is the deuterium labeled L-Homocystine. L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
Cortisone-d8 is the deuterium labeled Cortisone. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations[1][3][4].
Cortisone- 13C3 is the 13C-labeled Cortisone. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations[1][3][4].
Glutathione oxidized- 13C4, 15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled Glutathione oxidized (HY-D0844). Glutathione oxidized is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes .
Docosahexaenoic acid-d5 methyl ester is the deuterium labeled Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester. Docosahexaenoic Acid methyl ester is a methylated docosahexaenoic acid analog which can be intercalated into membrane phospholipids without being oxidized or hydrolyzed[1][2].
DL-dithiothreitol-d10 is the deuterated form of DL-dithiothreitol. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. When DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized, it forms a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
DL-dithiothreitol-d10-1 is the deuterated form of DL-dithiothreitol. DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a strong reductant with anti-disulfidptosis activity. DL-dithiothreitol is oxidized to form a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond .
8-Hydroxy guanosine- 13C, 15N2 is 13C and 15N labeled 8-Hydroxyguanosine. 8-Hydroxyguanosine, an oxidized nucleoside, is a marker of RNA oxidative damage and oxidative stress. 8-Hydroxyguanosine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B cells .
Cortisone-d2 is the deuterium labeled Cortisone. Cortisone (17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), an oxidized metabolite of Cortisol (a Glucocorticoid). Cortisone acts as an immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone can partially intervene in binding of Glucocorticoid to Glucocorticoid-receptor at high concentrations[1][3][4][5].
1-PalMitoyl-2-arachidoyllecithin-d9-1 (1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-d9-1) is deuterium labeled 1-PalMitoyl-2-arachidoyllecithin. 1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PAPC) is a phospholipid containing palmitic acid (16:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4) at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, that is found in biological membranes. PAPC is oxidized in vivo, and its oxidation products are involved in chronic inflammation and vascular disease. PAPC has been used to study signaling of oxidized phospholipids. Levels of PAPC are decreased in isolated human multiple myeloma cells .
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol-d11 is the deuterium labeled 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol[1]. 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is a probe compound shown to react mainly with organic matter (3DOM*). 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol is rapidly oxidized by singlet oxygen in aqueous solution[2][3].
ox-LDL: LDL (Copper oxidized); Cu2SO4 oxidized low density lipoprotein; oxidized low density lipoprotein; Low density lipoprotein; MDA oxidized LDL; MDA oxidized low density lipoprotein. 氧化型低密度脂蛋白；
ELISA, IHC-P, IHC-F, FC, ICC/IF
Human
ox-LDL Antibody is an unconjugated, approximately 31 kDa, rabbit-derived, anti-ox-LDL polyclonal antibody. ox-LDL Antibody can be used for: ELISA, IHC-P, IHC-F, Flow-Cyt, IF expriments in human, background without labeling.
LOX 1 Antibody is an unconjugated, approximately 31 kDa, rabbit-derived, anti-LOX 1 polyclonal antibody. LOX 1 Antibody can be used for: WB, IF-Cell, IHC-P, FC expriments in human, mouse background without labeling.
1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PAPC) is a phospholipid containing palmitic acid (16:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4) at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, that is found in biological membranes. PAPC is oxidized in vivo, and its oxidation products are involved in chronic inflammation and vascular disease. PAPC has been used to study signaling of oxidized phospholipids. Levels of PAPC are decreased in isolated human multiple myeloma cells.
NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
NADP sodium salt is the sodium salt form of NADP (HY-113325). NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
NADP disodium salt is the disodium salt form of NADP (HY-113325). NADP is a coenzyme involved in cellular electron transfer reactions in biological metabolism, which is alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH), and can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and regulate many biological events, including cellular metabolism. NADPH is a universal electron donor that provides reducing ability for synthetic metabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH plays a multifunctional role in regulating inflammation, redox homeostasis, and synthetic metabolism processes .
DC-Chol hydrochloride is a cationic lipid. DC-Chol hydrochloride could inhibit Aβ40 fibril formation under appropriate experimental conditions. DC-Chol hydrochloride strongly inhibits amyloidogenesis of oxidized hCT in a dose-dependent manner. DC-Chol hydrochloride induces the production of Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-5) cytokines. DC-Chol hydrochloride can enhance the body's immune response to antigens. DC-Chol hydrochloride is used as a gene delivery vector. DC-Chol hydrochloride can be used in research in areas such as hepatitis B vaccines to improve vaccine immunity .
1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PLPC) is a phospholipid used as a major component in lipid bilayer system models. 1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC can serve as an untreated control, mixed with oxidized lipids such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecanedienoyl)-lecithin (OHPLPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-(13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecanedienoyl)-lecithin (HpPLPC), to study the effects of oxidation on membrane properties .
Oxidized paraffin (calcium) can be used as an excipient, such as ointment base, hardening agent. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs .
