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Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5 .
Deoxycholic acid sodium salt (sodium deoxycholate), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5 .
Violet Red Bile Agar can be used for solid plate detection of coliforms (GB, SN standards). Violet Red Bile Agar ingredients include peptone, yeast powder, sodium chloride, lactose, bile salts, crystal violet, neutral red, agar .
Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid) sodium hydrate, a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5 .
Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth can be used for confirmatory testing of coliform bacteria. The ingredients of Blood Enrichment Medium include tryptone, lactose, ox bile powder, and brilliant green .
Petromyzonol (5α-Petromyzonol) is a tetrahydroxy stearol produced by the bile of sea lamprey larvae from the bile acid precursor acetylcholic acid. Petromyzonol sulfate acts as a pheromone and oviposition chemical attractant .
Cyclobutyrol sodium is a potent choleretic agent. Cyclobutyrol sodium also inhibits biliary lipid secretion. Cyclobutyrol sodium induces choleretic is unrelated to bileacids. Cyclobutyrol sodium and bileacids do not compete for the hepatobiliar transport mechanisms[1]
7-Ketolithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid), a bile acid, can be absorbed and suppresses endogenous bile acid production and biliary cholesterol secretion .
12α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, bacillus sphaericus is a dehydrogenase expressed in Bacillus sphaericus. 12α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, bacillus sphaericus is NAD-dependent and is active on both bound and unbound bile salts. This enzyme can be used to measure the concentration of 12α-hydroxy bileacids in serum .
Fexarine is a potent, non-steroidal and selective agonist of farnesoid X receptor (EC50: 38 nM). Fexarine can be used for the research of diseases linked to cholesterol, bileacids .
6-Oxolithocholic acid is a bile acid metabolite derived from Lithocholic acid (HY-B0172). 6-Oxolithocholic acid has high cytotoxicity and can induce apoptosis, especially in hepatocytes. 6-Oxolithocholic acid can participate in the regulation of bile acid metabolism and synthesis and affect the metabolic pathway of cholesterol. 6-Oxolithocholic acid can be used to study the role of bileacids in health and disease, especially in the context of digestive and liver diseases .
Norcholic acid is a normal minorbile C23 bile acid having four side chain and exsits in human urine and meconium. Norcholic acid can become prominent under certain pathological conditions. Norcholic acid is efficiently absorbed from intestine and quickly excreted into the bile but not into urine .
Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is a trihydroxylated bile acid. Tauro-β-muricholic acid is a competitive and reversible FXR antagonist (IC50 = 40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid has antiapoptotic effect. Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocellular apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential .
3-sucCA (3-Succinylated cholic acid) is a microbial derived bile acid. 3-sucCA is a lumen-restricted metabolite and alleviates alleviates MAFL-MASH progression in mouse models by reshaping the gut microbiota, especially by promoting the growth of Akkermansia muciniphila. 3-sucCA levels are lower in patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD .
7-keto-Deoxycholic acid is a metabolite of bileacids in Clostridium absonum. 7-keto-Deoxycholic acid is also converted from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with specific condition .
3-Oxocholic acid is an oxo-bile acid metabolite and also a major degradation product from cholic by C. perfringens in the intestine. 3-Oxocholic acid is steroid acid found predominantly in bile of mammals .
Lithocholic acid is a toxic secondary bile acid that can promote intrahepatic cholestasis and promote tumorigenesis. Lithocholic acid is also a FXR antagonist and a PXR/SXR agonist .
3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid (Isoursodeoxycholic acid) is a bile acid. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid shows good tolerance and well intestinal absorption by oral adminstation. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid can be isomerized by intestinal and hepatic enzymes to yield UDCA .
Isolithocholic acid (β-Lithocholic acid) is an isomer of Lithocholic acid. Isolithocholic acid, a bile acid, is formed by microbial metabolism of Lithocholic acid or Lithocholic acid 3α-sulfate .
Tauro-alpha-muricholic acid (T-alpha-MCA) is a bile acid that belongs to a class of compounds that are synthesized in the liver and play an important role in the digestive process. Tauro-α-muricholic acid activates Farni X receptors (FXR) which are involved in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, metabolism and transport. Tauro-alpha-muricholic acid can be used in the study of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease .
Isochenodeoxycholic acid (isoCDCA) is a human fecal bile acid. Isochenodeoxycholic acid has cytoprotective against ethanol-induced cell injuries in HepG2 cells. Isochenodeoxycholic acid is a major metabolite of orally administered ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) .
Gut restricted-7 (GR-7) is a potent, covalent and orally active pan-bile salt hydrolase (BSH) inhibitor. Gut restricted-7 has a tissue-selective and is restricted to the gut. Gut restricted-7 decreases gut bacterial BSHs and decreases deconjugated bile acid levels in feces of mice .
SC-435 is an orally effective apical sodium codependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor. SC-435 effectively removes neurotoxic bileacids and ammonia from the blood by inhibiting intestinal ASBT, thereby alleviating liver and brain damage caused by liver failure. SC-435 can alter hepatic cholesterol metabolism and lower plasma low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations .
1β-Hydroxydeoxycholic acid (1β-OH-DCA), a secondary bile acid, is a CYP3A biomarker. Deoxycholic acid is specifically metabolized into 1β-Hydroxydeoxycholic acid by CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 using recombinant human CYP450 enzymes .
Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate, a bile acid, is an amphiphilic surfactant molecule synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate activates the S1PR2 pathway in addition to the TGR5 pathway .
Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate (Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate), a bile acid, is an amphiphilic surfactant molecule synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate activates the S1PR2 pathway in addition to the TGR5 pathway .
7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bileacids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1 .
Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholate) sodium is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Orally active .
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) sodium is the taurine-conjugated form of the secondary bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid. Taurohyodeoxycholic acid can also reduce the activity and expression of myeloperoxidase TNF-α and IL-6, as well as colonic damage in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model.
Glycolithocholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycolithocholic acid. Glycolithocholic acid, an endogenous metabolite, is a glycine-conjugated secondary bile acid and can be used to diagnose ulcerative colitis (UC), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) [1][2][3][4].
Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholate) is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid also reduces ACE2 expression and is beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Orally active .
3-Oxo-5β-cholanoic acid (Dehydrolithocholic acid), a bile acid metabolite, inhibits the diferentiation of TH17 cells by directly binding to the key transcription factor RORγt (Kd=1.13 μM) .
Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholylglycine) sodium is the sodium salt of Glycolithocholic acid. Glycolithocholic acid is a glycine-conjugated secondary bile acid. Glycolithocholic acid can be used to diagnose ulcerative colitis (UC), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) .
Betazole (Ametazole), a pyrazole analogue of histamine, is an orally active histamine H2 receptor agonist. Betazole induces gastric acid secretion and causes an immediate and significant increase in common bile duct pressure. Betazole is used as a diagnostic agent known as histalog for investigating gastric acid secretory capacity .
Betazole (Ametazole) dihydrochloride, a pyrazole analogue of histamine, is an orally active H2 receptor agonist. Betazole dihydrochloride induces gastric acid secretion, and causes an immediate and significant increase in common bile duct pressure. Betazole dihydrochloride has been used as a diagnostic agent known as histalog, for investigating gastric acid secretory capacity .
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties .
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) sodium is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties .
Betazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Betazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Betazole (Ametazole), a pyrazole analogue of histamine, is an orally active histamine H2 receptor agonist. Betazole induces gastric acid secretion and causes an immediate and significant increase in common bile duct pressure. Betazole is used as a diagnostic agent known as histalog for investigating gastric acid secretory capacity .
Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholylglycine), an endogenous metabolite, is a glycine-conjugated secondary bile acid. Glycolithocholic acid can be used to diagnose ulcerative colitis (UC), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) .
Hyocholic Acid is a bile acid found in pig. Hyocholic Acid can also be found in urine samples from patients with cholestasis. Hyocholic Acid promotes GLP-1 secretion via activating TGR5 and inhibiting FXR in enteroendocrine cells. Hyocholic Acid is known for its exceptional resistance to type 2 diabetes .
Elobixibat (Standard) is the analytical standard of Elobixibat. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Elobixibat is a potent ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.53 ± 0.17 nM, 0.13 ± 0.03 nM, and 5.8 ± 1.6 nM for human IBAT, mouse IBAT, and canine IBAT.
ICA-105665 (PF-04895162) is a potent and orally active neuronal Kv7.2/7.3 and Kv7.3/7.5 potassium channels opener. ICA-105665 inhibits liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export protein (BSEP) transport (IC50 of 311 μM). ICA-105665 can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and has antiseizure effects .
Dehydrocholic acid is a synthetic bile acid produced by the oxidation of bileacids and is used as a bile excretory agent to increase bile production and remove increased bile acid load.
(S)-Elobixibat is the S enantiomer of Elobixibat (HY-15790). (S)-Elobixibat is an orally effective Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile (IBAT) inhibitor. (S)-Elobixibat decreases LDL cholesterol, increases serum GLP-1, promotes colon motility, and has the potential to treat metabolic syndrome. (S)-Elobixibat can be used to study constipation, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic hepatitis, and liver tumors .
Elobixibat (A 3309; AZD 7806) is an orally effective Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile (IBAT) inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.53 nM (human IBAT ), 0.13 nM (mouse IBAT), 5.8 nM (canine IBAT). Elobixibat lowers LDL cholesterol, increases serum GLP-1, promotes colon motility, and has the potential to treat metabolic syndrome. Elobixibat can be used to study constipation, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic hepatitis, and liver tumors .
Isodeoxycholic acid (7α,12α-Dihydroxycholanoic acid) is the 3β-epimer of ursodeoxycholic acid. Isodeoxycholic acid has the effect on choleresis and liver biochemistry .
Colesevelam (hydrochloride) is a bile acid sequestrant that bind bileacids in the gut. Colesevelam (hydrochloride) inhibits bile acid reabsorption, leading to increased bile acid synthesis and reduced cholesterol levels in patients with cholestatic pruritus and Crohn’s disease.
SOAT-IN-1 (compound 40) is a potent and selective sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT) inhibitor with IC50 values of 1.6, 14.3 µM for SOAT, NTCP, respectively .
Cholestyramine (Colestyramine) is a bile acid binding resin and can inhibit intestinal bile acid absorption which results in the increasing bile acid synthesis from cholesterol.
Cholestyramine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cholestyramine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cholestyramine (Colestyramine) is a bile acid binding resin and can inhibit intestinal bile acid absorption which results in the increasing bile acid synthesis from cholesterol.
Tauro-β-muricholic Acid sodium (T-βMCA sodium), a endogenous metabolite, is a competitive and reversible farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist, with an IC50 of 40 μM .
Ursocholic acid, a bile acid present in mammalian bile, is converted to deoxycholic acid (UDC) by the mouse intestinal flora. Ursocholic acid acts as a gallstone dissolving agent in the liver through anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, bile regulation, and coordinated changes in mitochondrial integrity and cell signaling, Ursocholic acid also has favorable effects on bones in patients with chronic cholestasis .
Ritivixibat is an inhibitor of ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT), as well as a bile acid modulator. Ritivixibat can be used for research of cardiovascular diseases, fatty acid metabolism and glucose utilization disorders, gastrointestinal diseases and liver diseases .
Odevixibat (A4250) is a selective and orally active ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor. Odevixibat decreases cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mice model. Odevixibat has the potential for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis .
Ursodeoxycholic acid- 13C is the 13C labeled Ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholate) is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Orally active[1][2].
Odevixibat-d5 is deuterated labeled Odevixibat (HY-109120). Odevixibat (A4250) is a selective and orally active ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor. Odevixibat decreases cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mice model. Odevixibat has the potential for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis .
Artepillin C has gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and choleretic activity. Artepillin C can be isolated from Brazilian green propolis .
Artepillin C (Standard) is the analytical standard of Artepillin C. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Artepillin C has gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and choleretic activity. Artepillin C can be isolated from Brazilian green propolis .
Odevixibat- 13C6 is 13C labeled Odevixibat (HY-109120). Odevixibat (A4250) is a selective and orally active ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor. Odevixibat decreases cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mice model. Odevixibat has the potential for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis .
Taurocholic acid-d4 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurocholic acid. Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats.
Bilirubin Conjugate disodium is a ditaurate derivative of Bilirubin. Bilirubin, a major end product of heme breakdown, is an important constituent of bile .
Glycocholic acid sodium is an orally active bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways .
Fluorescein lisicol is a fluorescent-labelled bile salt and a marker of hepatic biliary transporter function. Fluorescein lisicol can be used for metabolic research .
3-Sulfo-taurocholic Acid Disodium Salt (3-Sulfocholyl Taurine; TCA3S) is a metabolite of the conjugated bile acid taurocholic acid. Plasma levels of 3-Sulfo-taurocholic Acid Disodium Salt are elevated in wild-type and Sortilin 1 (Sort1) knockout mice at 6 hours following bile duct ligation (BDL) and are further elevated in Sort1 knockout mice at 24 hours post-BDL.
Glycodeoxycholate Sodium (Sodium glycyldeoxycholate) is a bile salt. Glycodeoxycholate Sodium has cytotoxicity to cancer cell, changes the permeability of the pancreatic duct and decreases glucose levels .
Methyl Cholate is methyl ester form of Cholic acid. Cholic acid is one of the major bileacids produced by the liver, where it is synthesized from cholesterol .
Tianeptine metabolite MC5 sodium salt is a major active metabolite of tianeptine. Tianeptine and MC5 metabolite are eliminated with bile as glucuronide and glutamine conjugates .
Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate disodium is a bile acid. Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate disodium level corresponds closely with the extent of hepatic dysfunction .
Ceruletide is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
3b-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid is a monohydroxy bile acid of endogenous origin and could be found in children with the syndrome of hepatic ductular hypoplasia.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d9 is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Chenodeoxycholic acid- 13C is the 13C-labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Chenodeoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Caerulein acetate is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide acetate is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycoursodeoxycholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid, a acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate, is a metabolite of ursodeoxycholic acid.
Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid is orally active .
Hyodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed in the small intestine by the gut flora, and acts as a TGR5 (GPCR19) agonist, with an EC50 of 31.6 µM in CHO cells.
Cholic acid sodium is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid sodium is orally active .
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid (12-Ketolithocholic acid) is a bile acid, metabolite from kidney. 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid can be a detectable marker for evidence of kidney injury
Gentioflavin is an alkaloid. Gentioflavin can be isolated from the root of Long Dan (G. scabra), a traditional substance against liver or bile duct disease .
Ursodeoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-d4 is the deuterium labeled Ursodeoxycholic acid (HY-13771). Ursodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid also reduces ACE2 expression and is beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection[1][2][3][4][5].
Gly-β-MCA, a bile acid, is a potent, sable, intestine-selective and oral bioactive farnesoid X receptor (FXR) inhibitor that may be a candidate for the treatment of metabolic disorders .
Cholic acid sodium hydrate is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid sodium hydrate facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid sodium hydrate is orally active .
Pueraria Extract is a kudzu extract, and its components include: Isoflavones. Pueraria Extract (ethanol extract) can significantly improve cardiac damage in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Pueraria Extract improves bile acid levels by increasing the expression of CYP7A1 and restoring the diversity of intestinal microbiota. Pueraria Extract can also inhibit the FXR-FGF15 signaling pathway and increase the expression of OST-α to increase bile acid reabsorption and fecal excretion. .
BMS-986339 is an orally active, potent FXR agonist. BMS-986339 forms H-bond with His298 and ASN287 residues. BMS-986339 can be used in the research of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), anti-fibrosis .
Anethole trithione, a sulfur heterocyclic choleretic, is a bile secretion-stimulating agent. Anethole trithione enhances salivary secretion and increases mAChRs, and can be used for dry mouth research .
Cholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
Cholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
Cholic acid- 13C is the 13C-labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
Glycocholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Glycocholic acid. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways .
Glycocholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycocholic acid. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1].
Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses
.
BAA473 is a bile acid analog and is a potent activator of the pyrin inflammasome that induces the secretion of interleukin 18 (IL-18) through activation of the inflammasome in both myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells .
264W94 is a potent ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor and a new cholesterol lowering agent. 264W94 has CYP7A1 induction, and antilipemic action .
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid is the tauroconjugated form of Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA, a dihydroxylated natural bile acid). Taurohyodeoxycholic acid induces a biliary phospholipid secretion and suggests a hepatoprotective potential. Taurohyodeoxycholic acid also can promote gallstone dissolution .
Trepibutone (AA 149) increases secretion of bile and pancreatic juice, and accelerates flaccidity of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract. Trepibutone can be used for the research of cholecystitis and functional gastrointestinal disorders .
Alibendol can be taken orally. It has anti-spasmodic properties and promotes bile secretion, making it useful for research on digestive system issues like indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and constipation .
Volixibat (SHP626) is a highly selective, minimally absorbed, and competitive apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor. Volixibat has potential for treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) .
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (Ursodeoxycholylglycine-d4) is the deuterium labeled Glycoursodeoxycholic acid. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid, a acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate, is a metabolite of ursodeoxycholic acid[1][2].
Pseudolaric Acid C2, a diterpenoid isolated from Pseudolarix kaempferi, is identified as the specific metabolite of Pseudolaric acid B in plasma, urine, bile and feces after both oral and intravenous administration to rats .
AAA-10 is an orally active gut bacterial bile salt hydrolases (BSH) inhibitor, with IC50s of 10 nM, 80 nM against B. theta rBSH and B. longum rBSH respectively .
Z-LLY-FMK (Calpain Inhibitor IV) is a calpain inhibitor, involved in apoptosis of many cell systems. Z-LLY-FMK inhibits the intestine apoptosis after common bile duct ligation .
Cholesterol Excipient is a component of cell membranes, and precursors certain hormones, vitamin D and bileacids. Cholesterol Excipient can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations for its amphiphilicity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability .
Glycocholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycocholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways .
Deoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
Deoxycholic acid-d6 is the deuterium labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
Deoxycholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
AAA-10 formic is an orally active gut bacterial bile salt hydrolases (BSH) inhibitor, with IC50s of 10 nM, 80 nM against B. theta rBSH and B. longum rBSH, respectively .
Deoxycholic acid- 13C is the 13C-labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
Tauro-ω-muricholic acid sodium (TωMCA sodium) is a bile acid released by the liver and an analog of tauro-α-muricholic acid. Tauro-ω-muricholic acid sodium is investigated as a potential marker in plasma for early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) and cholestasis studies
Hyodeoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Hyodeoxycholic acid. Hyodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed in the small intestine by the gut flora, and acts as a TGR5 (GPCR19) agonist, with an EC50 of 31.6 µM in CHO cells.
(Z)-W 3699 is a potential choleretic. (Z)-W 3699 can increase the solubility of cholesterol in the gallbladder by altering the secretion of micellar bileacids. (Z)-W 3699 can prevent the formation of cholesterol-containing gallstones in dogs.
7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one-d7 is the deuterium labeled 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bileacids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1[1][2].
7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (Standard) is the analytical standard of 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bileacids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1 .
BSH-IN-1 is a potent and covalent inhibitor of gut bacterial recombinant bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) with IC50s of 108 nM and 427 nM for B. longum BSH (Gram positive) and B. theta BSH (Gram negative), respectively .
TGR5 Receptor Agonist 4 is an agonist of Bile Acid Receptor (TGR5), with EC50 for hTGR5 and mTGR5 of 2 nM and 3 nM, respectively. TGR5 Receptor Agonist plays important roles in hypoglycemic and weight loss .
Ceruletide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ceruletide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ceruletide is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
L-734217 is an orally active and potent fibrinogen receptor antagonist and an antithrombotic agent. L-734217 is excreted largely by the renal route and partly into the bile in dogs. L-734217 is promising for research of thrombotic disorders .
Sincalide (Cholecystokinin octapeptide, CCK‐8) is a rapid-acting amino acid polypeptide hormone analogue of cholecystokinin (CCK) for intravenous use in postevacuation cholecystography. CCK‐8 is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK. CCK‐8 can promote gallbladder contraction by injection and helps diagnose gallbladder and pancreas disorders. CCK‐8 can increase bile secretion, cause the gallbladder to contract and relax the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in bile drainage into the duodenum. CCK‐8 is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK .
Sincalide ammonium (Cholecystokinin octapeptide ammonium, CCK-8 ammonium) is a rapid-acting amino acid polypeptide hormone analogue of cholecystokinin (CCK) for intravenous use in postevacuation cholecystography. Sincalide ammonium is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK. CCK‐8 can promote gallbladder contraction by injection and helps diagnose gallbladder and pancreas disorders. Sincalide ammonium can increase bile secretion, cause the gallbladder to contract and relax the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in bile drainage into the duodenum. Sincalide ammonium is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK .
LY 293284 is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist. LY 293284 results in a significant drop in core temperature and consumes more food in cholestasis rat induced by bile duct resection .
Croconazole is an antifungal agent containing imidazole rings. Croconazole has a unique structural feature of aryl vinyl at the imidazole ring N-1. Croconazole can be used for the identification and quantitative study of major metabolites in rat urine and bile .
Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes .
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d9 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (12-Deoxycholyltaurine sodium salt) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d7 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (sodium salt). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Chenodeoxycholylglycine sodium salt) is a bile acid formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Chenodeoxycholylglycine sodium salt) induces hepatocyte apoptosis[1][2].
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d5 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (12-Deoxycholyltaurine sodium salt) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a bile acid formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) induces hepatocyte apoptosis[1][2].
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
Maralixibat (SHP625) chloride is an orally active ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor. Maralixibat chloride can be used for the research of rare cholestatic liver diseases including Alagille syndrome (ALGS), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) and biliary atresia .
γ-CEHC is a γ-tocopherol (HY-N7148) metabolite. γ-CEHC is mainly excreted into the urine rather than into the bile. γ-CEHC is present in conjugated form in human urine, mainly as glucuronide .
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d4-1 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) sodium is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
4β-Hydroxycholesterol-d4 is the deuterium labeled 4β-Hydroxycholesterol. 4β-hydroxy Cholesterol is a major oxysterol cholesterol metabolite and a precursor in the synthesis of bileacids that is found in human circulation[1][2].
Glycerol Monoleate is a nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible, lipophilic glycerol fatty acid ester. Glycerol monooleate has hemolytic properties. glycerol monooleate is used as an emulsifier and an absorption enhancer in combination with bile salts. Glycerol Monoleate can be used in drug delivery systems and siRNA delivery in Vitro .
Tranexamic acid- 13C2, 15N (Cyclocapron- 13C2, 15N) is the 13C2 and 15N labeled Tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent that alleviates liver damage and fibrosis in mouse models of chronic bile duct injury .
Trepibutone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trepibutone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trepibutone (AA 149) increases secretion of bile and pancreatic juice, and accelerates flaccidity of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract. Trepibutone can be used for the research of cholecystitis and functional gastrointestinal disorders .
Cholesterol esterase, Porcine pancreas is an enzyme that hydrolyzes cholesterol ester to cholesterol and free fatty acid in the intestinal lumen. Cholesterol synthesized in the acinar cells and is stored in zymogen granules. Cholesterol esterase is also known as bile salt-stimulated lipase and carboxy ester lipasea, acts function for acceleration of cholesterol absorption.
4β-Hydroxycholesterol-d5 is the deuterium labeled 4β-Hydroxycholesterol (HY-124265). 4β-hydroxy Cholesterol is a major oxysterol cholesterol metabolite and a precursor in the synthesis of bileacids that is found in human circulation[1][2].
Erythromycin estolate, erythromycin derivative , is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections. Erythromycin estolate causes several cases of liver injury which mostly include cholestatic hepatitis. Erythromycin estolate toxicity is related to its inhibitory effect on bile acid transport .
Allocholic acid is a typically fetal bile acid found in vertebrates and reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis, besides it is also a conjugate acid of allocholate and an isomer of cholic acid. Allocholic acid is a potent and specific stimulant of the adult olfactory system, it has a role as a marine metabolite, a rat metabolite and a human metabolite .
Cholesterol esterase, Pseudomonas is an enzyme that hydrolyzes cholesterol ester to cholesterol and free fatty acid in the intestinal lumen. Cholesterol synthesized in the acinar cells and is stored in zymogen granules. Cholesterol esterase is also known as bile salt-stimulated lipase and carboxy ester lipasea, acts function for acceleration of cholesterol absorption .
Taurodeoxycholate-d6 (sodium salt) is the deuterium labeled Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt[1]. Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses[2]. [2][3].
Elobixibat hydrate is a potent ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.53 ± 0.17 nM, 0.13 ± 0.03 nM, and 5.8 ± 1.6 nM for human IBAT, mouse IBAT, and canine IBAT. Elobixibat hydrate can be used for chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) research .
[D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide, an opioid peptide, is a potent opioid agonist. [D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide decreases bile flow by a central mechanism. [D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide has analgesic properties .
Linerixibat (GSK2330672) is a highly potent, nonabsorbable and orally active apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor with an IC50 of 42 nM human ASBT. Linerixibat can be used as lipid-lowering agent. Linerixibat has the potential for type 2 diabetes and Primary Biliary Cholangitis treatment .
TGR5 Receptor Agonist 3 (Compound 19) is a soft-agent G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5) agonist with reduced gallbladder-filling effects (favorable gallbladder safety), with EC50s of 16.4 and 209 nM for hTGR5 and mTGR5, respectively.
A17 is a bile acid analog with anti-non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and anti-inflammatory activities. A17 reduces fatty acid (FA) uptake and promotes FA oxidation though inhibiting fatty acid translocase (Cd36) expression and activating AMPKα. A17 can be used for NASH research .
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid-d4 (sodium) is a deuterated labeled Taurohyodeoxycholic acid (sodium) . Taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) sodium is the taurine-conjugated form of the secondary bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid. Taurohyodeoxycholic acid can also reduce the activity and expression of myeloperoxidase TNF-α and IL-6, as well as colonic damage in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model.
Taurine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes[1][2][3].
Phloracetophenone (2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone) is the aglycone part of acetophenone glycoside obtained from Curcuma comosa Roxb, with cholesterol-lowering activity. Phloracetophenone enhances cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity . Phloracetophenone stimulats bile secretion mediated through Mrp2 .
Taurine- 13C2 is the 13C-labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes[1][2][3].
N-Acetyl-Leukotriene E4 (N-Acetyl-LTE4) is a metabolite of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) (HY-113465), which is detected in bile and urine . N-Acetyl-Leukotriene E4 produces a vasoconstriction in the mesenteric vessels which led to reduction of blood flow to the gut .
Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) .
Taurine- 13C2, 15N is the 13C- and 15N- labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes[1][2][3].
6,7-Diketolithocholic acid (6,7-DiketoLCA) is an important bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory and bile acid metabolism regulating activities. 6,7-Diketolithocholic acid can affect lipid metabolism and regulate the balance of glucose and lipid metabolism in the body. 6,7-Diketolithocholic acid has also been studied for the inhibition of diseases related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism.
BMS-986318 is a potent nonbile acid FXR agonist with EC50s of 53 and 350 nM in the FXR Gal4 and SRC-1 recruitment assays, respectively. BMS-986318 has a suitable ADME profile, and demonstrates efficacy in the mouse bile duct ligation model of liver cholestasis and fibrosis.BMS-986318 can be used for the research of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis .
Cholesterol esterase, Candida cylindracea is an enzyme located in the intestines that hydrolyzes cholesterol esters into cholesterol and free fatty acids. Also known as bile salt-stimulated lipase or carboxylester lipase, this enzyme facilitates cholesterol metabolism and absorption in the body. It can also be used as a biochemical reagent, and is employed in conjunction with cholesterol oxidase (HY-P2848) to measure cholesterol levels .
Stevia Powder is a natural sweetener with antioxidant activity. Stevia Powder can downregulate pro fibrotic pathways in cirrhotic rats, including reduced hepatic myofibroblasts and decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP13, upregulate anti fibrotic molecule Smad7, prevent serum necrosis and elevated bile stasis markers, thereby inhibiting the development of liver fibrosis .
Stercobilin hydrochloride (amixture of isomers) is a bile pigment metabolized by gut bacteria, and it's also an HIV protease inhibitor, with a Ki of 4 μM. Stercobilin hydrochloride (a mixture of isomers) can induce pro-inflammatory activity in mouse macrophage RAW264 cells, including the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Stercobilin hydrochloride (a mixture of isomers) can be used in studies of inflammation and viral infections .
3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid-d3is the deuterium labeled3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid(HY-113097) . 3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid, a bile acid, is the precursor to chenodeoxycholic acid .
Bexotegrast hydrochloride (PLN-74809 hydrochloride) is a small molecule dual selective inhibitor with activity targeting αVβ1 and αVβ6. Bexotegrast hydrochloride is used for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Bexotegrast hydrochloride inhibits the activation of TGF-β1 by blocking the function of these integrins, thereby preventing the growth of fibrous tissue in the lungs and bile ducts .
BMS-986020 (AM152) sodium is a high-affinity lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) antagonist . BMS-986020 sodium inhibits bile acid and phospholipid transporters with IC50s of 4.8 µM, 6.2 µM, and 7.5 µM for BSEP, MRP4, and MDR3, respectively . BMS-986020 sodium has the potential for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) .
7-Ketocholesterol is an oxidation product of cholesterol, widely present in atherosclerotic plaques, and has a stronger atherogenic effect than cholesterol. 7-Ketocholesterol can inhibit the rate-limiting enzymes involved in bile acid and cholesterol synthesis, such as cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase. 7-Ketocholesterol exhibits pro-inflammatory effects both in vivo and in vitro and can induce cell apoptosis (apoptosis) .
BMS-986020 (AM152) is a high-affinity and selective lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) antagonist . BMS-986020 inhibits bile acid and phospholipid transporters with IC50s of 4.8 µM, 6.2 µM, and 7.5 µM for BSEP, MRP4, and MDR3, respectively . BMS-986020 has the potential for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) .
Taurolithocholic acid is a bile acid that has the activity of increasing cell viability, inducing the S phase of the cell cycle, and promoting DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell line RMCCA-1. It can also increase the phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK 1/2 and the expression of cyclin D1 in RMCCA-1 cells, and its induced RMCCA-1 cell growth can be inhibited by specific antagonists and inhibitors.
Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5is the deuterium labeledTaurodeoxycholic acid(HY-B1899) . Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) .
(+)-Amosulalol ((+)-YM 09538) is an α,β-blocker with pharmacokinetic and metabolic activities in mice. In mice, the plasma concentration of (+)-Amosulalol decreased in a biphasic manner after intravenous injection. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration after oral administration was 0.25h, and then decreased. The systemic bioavailability was 38.7%, and it was mainly excreted through urine. Multiple metabolites were detected in urine, and a new metabolite amosulalol carbamoyl glucuronide was found in bile samples.
(-)-Amosulalol ((-)-YM 09538) is an α,β-blocker with pharmacokinetic and metabolic activities in mice. In mice, the plasma concentration of (-)-Amosulalol decreased in a biphasic manner after intravenous injection. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration after oral administration was 0.25h, and then decreased. The systemic bioavailability was 38.7%, and it was mainly excreted through urine. Multiple metabolites were detected in urine, and a new metabolite amosulalol carbamoyl glucuronide was found in bile samples.
CysLT1 receptor antagonist-1 (Compound 4) is an antagonist for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) with an IC50 of 3.9 μM. CysLT1 receptor antagonist-1 exhibits weak agonist activity against G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) with an efficact of 23% at 10 μM. CysLT1 receptor antagonist-1 can be used for asthma and allergic diseases researchs .
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) .
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Sodium glycochenodeoxycholate) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) .
Cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide is an epoxide derivative of cholesterol formed by the enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol in the liver and other tissues. Cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide has unique chemical properties that make it an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of bileacids, which play a key role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats. It also has a potential physiological role in regulating cholesterol metabolism and transport, although its biological function is not fully understood.
CBT-295 is an orally active autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor. CBT-295 exhibits a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines like TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-6 levels, also reduced bile duct proliferation marker CK-19 and lowered liver fibrosis. The reversal of liver fibrosis with CBT-295 led to a reduction in blood and brain ammonia levels. CBT-295 also reduced neuroinflammation induced by ammonia. CBT-295 is promising for research of liver cirrhosis and associated encephalopathy .
Bifendate (DDB), extracted from Schisandrae chinensis, is an orally active anti-HBV agent against chronic hepatitis B. Bifendate inhibits ATG5-dependent autophagy and attenuates oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation with anti-oxidant properties in vitro. Bifendate can decrease alanine transaminase (ALT) level in mice. Bifendate attenuates hepatic steatosis in cholesterol/bile salt- and high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. Bifendate potently increases the activity of cytochrome proteins (CYPs) and reverse P-gp-mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR) .
CAY10789 (compound 6) is a potent CysLT1R (cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1) antagonist (IC50=2.80 μM) and GPBAR1 (G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1) agonist (EC50=3 μM). CAY10789 significantly reduces the adhesion of U937 cells to HAEC, reduces the expression of TNF-α. CAY10789 shows very promising metabolic stability and excellent pharmacokinetics. CAY10789 can be used for the research of colitis, metabolic syndromes, and other GPBAR1/CysLT1R-related diseases .
EDP-305 is an orally active, potent and selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, with EC50 values of 34 nM (chimeric FXR in CHO cells) and 8 nM (full-length FXR in HEK cells). EDP-305 shows a potent and consistent antifibrotic effect. EDP-305 can be used for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) research .
D-chiro-Inositol is a stereoisomer of inositol that exhibits activities such as improving glucose metabolism, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and antioxidant activity. D-chiro-Inositol effectively alleviates cholestasis by enhancing bile acid secretion and reducing oxidative stress. D-chiro-Inositol improves insulin resistance, lowers hyperglycemia and circulating insulin levels, reduces serum androgen levels, and ameliorates some metabolic abnormalities associated with X syndrome by mimicking the action of insulin. Additionally, D-chiro-Inositol can induce a reduction in pro-inflammatory factors (such as Nf-κB) and cytokines (such as TNF-α), thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. D-chiro-Inositol may be used in the study of liver cirrhosis, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome .
Natural products are small molecules produced naturally by any organism including primary and secondary metabolites. Nowadays, new drugs based on Natural products are successfully applied to treat tumors, viral and bacterial diseases, and nervous disorders.
In response to the current drug discovery demand, we created this natural product-like compound library with 13,236 in-stock synthetic compounds similar to natural ones. The library was designed by 2D fingerprint similarity filtering, chemical descriptor-based and natural-likeness scoring selection. These compounds are useful tools for high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS) programs.
Cholic acid-Biotin is a biotin-labeled Cholic acid (HY-N0324). Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid has orally activity .
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) sodium is the taurine-conjugated form of the secondary bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid. Taurohyodeoxycholic acid can also reduce the activity and expression of myeloperoxidase TNF-α and IL-6, as well as colonic damage in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model.
Cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide is an epoxide derivative of cholesterol formed by the enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol in the liver and other tissues. Cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide has unique chemical properties that make it an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of bileacids, which play a key role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats. It also has a potential physiological role in regulating cholesterol metabolism and transport, although its biological function is not fully understood.
Violet Red Bile Agar can be used for solid plate detection of coliforms (GB, SN standards). Violet Red Bile Agar ingredients include peptone, yeast powder, sodium chloride, lactose, bile salts, crystal violet, neutral red, agar .
Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth can be used for confirmatory testing of coliform bacteria. The ingredients of Blood Enrichment Medium include tryptone, lactose, ox bile powder, and brilliant green .
Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar can be used for counting intestinal bacteria and identification of enterobacteriaceae. The composition of 1 liter of Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar contains: 7.0 g gelatin pancreatic enzyme hydrolysate, 3.0 g yeast extract powder, 1.5 g sodium deoxycholate, 10.0 g glucose, 5.0 g sodium chloride, 0.03 g neutral red, 0.002 g crystal violet, and 15.0 g agar in per liter .
Stercobilin hydrochloride (amixture of isomers) is a bile pigment metabolized by gut bacteria, and it's also an HIV protease inhibitor, with a Ki of 4 μM. Stercobilin hydrochloride (a mixture of isomers) can induce pro-inflammatory activity in mouse macrophage RAW264 cells, including the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Stercobilin hydrochloride (a mixture of isomers) can be used in studies of inflammation and viral infections .
MacConkey Agar (MAC) can be used for selective isolation and culture of intestinal pathogens. The composition of 1 liter of MacConkey Agar (MAC) is: 20.0g peptone, 10.0 g lactose, 1.5 g Bile salt number three, 5.0 g sodium chloride, 0.03g Neutral red, 0.001 g Crystal viol and 15.0 g agar .
Ceruletide is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
Sincalide (Cholecystokinin octapeptide, CCK‐8) is a rapid-acting amino acid polypeptide hormone analogue of cholecystokinin (CCK) for intravenous use in postevacuation cholecystography. CCK‐8 is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK. CCK‐8 can promote gallbladder contraction by injection and helps diagnose gallbladder and pancreas disorders. CCK‐8 can increase bile secretion, cause the gallbladder to contract and relax the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in bile drainage into the duodenum. CCK‐8 is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK .
Sincalide ammonium (Cholecystokinin octapeptide ammonium, CCK-8 ammonium) is a rapid-acting amino acid polypeptide hormone analogue of cholecystokinin (CCK) for intravenous use in postevacuation cholecystography. Sincalide ammonium is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK. CCK‐8 can promote gallbladder contraction by injection and helps diagnose gallbladder and pancreas disorders. Sincalide ammonium can increase bile secretion, cause the gallbladder to contract and relax the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in bile drainage into the duodenum. Sincalide ammonium is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK .
Cyclobutyrol is a potent choleretic agent. Cyclobutyrol also inhibits biliary lipid secretion. Cyclobutyrol induces choleretic is unrelated to bileacids. Cyclobutyrol and bileacids do not compete for the hepatobiliar transport mechanisms[1]
Caerulein acetate is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide acetate is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
Ceruletide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ceruletide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ceruletide is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
[D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide, an opioid peptide, is a potent opioid agonist. [D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide decreases bile flow by a central mechanism. [D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide has analgesic properties .
Deoxycholic acid (cholanoic acid), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5 .
Deoxycholic acid sodium salt (sodium deoxycholate), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5 .
7-Ketolithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid), a bile acid, can be absorbed and suppresses endogenous bile acid production and biliary cholesterol secretion .
Norcholic acid is a normal minorbile C23 bile acid having four side chain and exsits in human urine and meconium. Norcholic acid can become prominent under certain pathological conditions. Norcholic acid is efficiently absorbed from intestine and quickly excreted into the bile but not into urine .
Petromyzonol (5α-Petromyzonol) is a tetrahydroxy stearol produced by the bile of sea lamprey larvae from the bile acid precursor acetylcholic acid. Petromyzonol sulfate acts as a pheromone and oviposition chemical attractant .
Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is a trihydroxylated bile acid. Tauro-β-muricholic acid is a competitive and reversible FXR antagonist (IC50 = 40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid has antiapoptotic effect. Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocellular apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential .
7-keto-Deoxycholic acid is a metabolite of bileacids in Clostridium absonum. 7-keto-Deoxycholic acid is also converted from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with specific condition .
3-Oxocholic acid is an oxo-bile acid metabolite and also a major degradation product from cholic by C. perfringens in the intestine. 3-Oxocholic acid is steroid acid found predominantly in bile of mammals .
Lithocholic acid is a toxic secondary bile acid that can promote intrahepatic cholestasis and promote tumorigenesis. Lithocholic acid is also a FXR antagonist and a PXR/SXR agonist .
Isolithocholic acid (β-Lithocholic acid) is an isomer of Lithocholic acid. Isolithocholic acid, a bile acid, is formed by microbial metabolism of Lithocholic acid or Lithocholic acid 3α-sulfate .
Tauro-alpha-muricholic acid (T-alpha-MCA) is a bile acid that belongs to a class of compounds that are synthesized in the liver and play an important role in the digestive process. Tauro-α-muricholic acid activates Farni X receptors (FXR) which are involved in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, metabolism and transport. Tauro-alpha-muricholic acid can be used in the study of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease .
Isochenodeoxycholic acid (isoCDCA) is a human fecal bile acid. Isochenodeoxycholic acid has cytoprotective against ethanol-induced cell injuries in HepG2 cells. Isochenodeoxycholic acid is a major metabolite of orally administered ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) .
1β-Hydroxydeoxycholic acid (1β-OH-DCA), a secondary bile acid, is a CYP3A biomarker. Deoxycholic acid is specifically metabolized into 1β-Hydroxydeoxycholic acid by CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 using recombinant human CYP450 enzymes .
Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate, a bile acid, is an amphiphilic surfactant molecule synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate activates the S1PR2 pathway in addition to the TGR5 pathway .
Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate (Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate), a bile acid, is an amphiphilic surfactant molecule synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate activates the S1PR2 pathway in addition to the TGR5 pathway .
7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bileacids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1 .
Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholate) sodium is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Orally active .
Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholate) is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid also reduces ACE2 expression and is beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Orally active .
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties .
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) sodium is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties .
Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholylglycine), an endogenous metabolite, is a glycine-conjugated secondary bile acid. Glycolithocholic acid can be used to diagnose ulcerative colitis (UC), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) .
Dehydrocholic acid is a synthetic bile acid produced by the oxidation of bileacids and is used as a bile excretory agent to increase bile production and remove increased bile acid load.
Isodeoxycholic acid (7α,12α-Dihydroxycholanoic acid) is the 3β-epimer of ursodeoxycholic acid. Isodeoxycholic acid has the effect on choleresis and liver biochemistry .
Ursocholic acid, a bile acid present in mammalian bile, is converted to deoxycholic acid (UDC) by the mouse intestinal flora. Ursocholic acid acts as a gallstone dissolving agent in the liver through anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, bile regulation, and coordinated changes in mitochondrial integrity and cell signaling, Ursocholic acid also has favorable effects on bones in patients with chronic cholestasis .
Artepillin C has gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and choleretic activity. Artepillin C can be isolated from Brazilian green propolis .
Artepillin C (Standard) is the analytical standard of Artepillin C. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Artepillin C has gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and choleretic activity. Artepillin C can be isolated from Brazilian green propolis .
Glycocholic acid sodium is an orally active bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways .
Glycodeoxycholate Sodium (Sodium glycyldeoxycholate) is a bile salt. Glycodeoxycholate Sodium has cytotoxicity to cancer cell, changes the permeability of the pancreatic duct and decreases glucose levels .
Methyl Cholate is methyl ester form of Cholic acid. Cholic acid is one of the major bileacids produced by the liver, where it is synthesized from cholesterol .
Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate disodium is a bile acid. Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate disodium level corresponds closely with the extent of hepatic dysfunction .
Ceruletide is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
3b-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid is a monohydroxy bile acid of endogenous origin and could be found in children with the syndrome of hepatic ductular hypoplasia.
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycoursodeoxycholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid, a acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate, is a metabolite of ursodeoxycholic acid.
Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid is orally active .
Hyodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed in the small intestine by the gut flora, and acts as a TGR5 (GPCR19) agonist, with an EC50 of 31.6 µM in CHO cells.
Cholic acid sodium is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid sodium is orally active .
12-Ketodeoxycholic acid (12-Ketolithocholic acid) is a bile acid, metabolite from kidney. 12-Ketodeoxycholic acid can be a detectable marker for evidence of kidney injury
Gentioflavin is an alkaloid. Gentioflavin can be isolated from the root of Long Dan (G. scabra), a traditional substance against liver or bile duct disease .
Cholic acid sodium hydrate is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid sodium hydrate facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid sodium hydrate is orally active .
Anethole trithione, a sulfur heterocyclic choleretic, is a bile secretion-stimulating agent. Anethole trithione enhances salivary secretion and increases mAChRs, and can be used for dry mouth research .
Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses
.
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid is the tauroconjugated form of Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA, a dihydroxylated natural bile acid). Taurohyodeoxycholic acid induces a biliary phospholipid secretion and suggests a hepatoprotective potential. Taurohyodeoxycholic acid also can promote gallstone dissolution .
Pseudolaric Acid C2, a diterpenoid isolated from Pseudolarix kaempferi, is identified as the specific metabolite of Pseudolaric acid B in plasma, urine, bile and feces after both oral and intravenous administration to rats .
Glycocholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycocholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways .
7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (Standard) is the analytical standard of 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bileacids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1 .
Ceruletide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ceruletide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ceruletide is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Ceruletide is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts .
Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes .
γ-CEHC is a γ-tocopherol (HY-N7148) metabolite. γ-CEHC is mainly excreted into the urine rather than into the bile. γ-CEHC is present in conjugated form in human urine, mainly as glucuronide .
Glycerol Monoleate is a nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible, lipophilic glycerol fatty acid ester. Glycerol monooleate has hemolytic properties. glycerol monooleate is used as an emulsifier and an absorption enhancer in combination with bile salts. Glycerol Monoleate can be used in drug delivery systems and siRNA delivery in Vitro .
Erythromycin estolate, erythromycin derivative , is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections. Erythromycin estolate causes several cases of liver injury which mostly include cholestatic hepatitis. Erythromycin estolate toxicity is related to its inhibitory effect on bile acid transport .
Allocholic acid is a typically fetal bile acid found in vertebrates and reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis, besides it is also a conjugate acid of allocholate and an isomer of cholic acid. Allocholic acid is a potent and specific stimulant of the adult olfactory system, it has a role as a marine metabolite, a rat metabolite and a human metabolite .
Phloracetophenone (2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone) is the aglycone part of acetophenone glycoside obtained from Curcuma comosa Roxb, with cholesterol-lowering activity. Phloracetophenone enhances cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity . Phloracetophenone stimulats bile secretion mediated through Mrp2 .
Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) .
6,7-Diketolithocholic acid (6,7-DiketoLCA) is an important bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory and bile acid metabolism regulating activities. 6,7-Diketolithocholic acid can affect lipid metabolism and regulate the balance of glucose and lipid metabolism in the body. 6,7-Diketolithocholic acid has also been studied for the inhibition of diseases related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism.
7-Ketocholesterol is an oxidation product of cholesterol, widely present in atherosclerotic plaques, and has a stronger atherogenic effect than cholesterol. 7-Ketocholesterol can inhibit the rate-limiting enzymes involved in bile acid and cholesterol synthesis, such as cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase. 7-Ketocholesterol exhibits pro-inflammatory effects both in vivo and in vitro and can induce cell apoptosis (apoptosis) .
MacConkey Agar (MAC) can be used for selective isolation and culture of intestinal pathogens. The composition of 1 liter of MacConkey Agar (MAC) is: 20.0g peptone, 10.0 g lactose, 1.5 g Bile salt number three, 5.0 g sodium chloride, 0.03g Neutral red, 0.001 g Crystal viol and 15.0 g agar .
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) .
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Sodium glycochenodeoxycholate) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) .
D-chiro-Inositol is a stereoisomer of inositol that exhibits activities such as improving glucose metabolism, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and antioxidant activity. D-chiro-Inositol effectively alleviates cholestasis by enhancing bile acid secretion and reducing oxidative stress. D-chiro-Inositol improves insulin resistance, lowers hyperglycemia and circulating insulin levels, reduces serum androgen levels, and ameliorates some metabolic abnormalities associated with X syndrome by mimicking the action of insulin. Additionally, D-chiro-Inositol can induce a reduction in pro-inflammatory factors (such as Nf-κB) and cytokines (such as TNF-α), thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. D-chiro-Inositol may be used in the study of liver cirrhosis, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome .
The SULT2A1 protein utilizes PAPS for critical sulfonation of steroids and bile acids in the liver and adrenal glands. Its multifunctional activity extends to a variety of compounds, enhancing its water solubility to facilitate renal excretion. SULT2A1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived SULT2A1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of SULT2A1 Protein, Human (His) is 284 a.a., with molecular weight of 34-38 kDa.
Carboxyester lipase/CEL protein plays a crucial role in cellular processes as it catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of substrates, including cholesterol esters, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols, and lipids of hydroxy fatty acids acid ester. FAHF). Carboxyl Ester Lipase/CEL Protein, Mouse (sf9, His) is the recombinant mouse-derived Carboxyl Ester Lipase/CEL protein, expressed by Sf9 insect cells , with C-His labeled tag. The total length of Carboxyl Ester Lipase/CEL Protein, Mouse (sf9, His) is 534 a.a., with molecular weight of ~133.9 & 59.1 kDa, respectively.
Gastrotropin/FABP6 is a fatty acid binding protein, or ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP). FABP6 is a therapeutic target related to immune infiltration, and FABP6 inhibition inhibits cancer cell proliferation and migration. Gastrotropin/FABP6 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived Gastrotropin/FABP6 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of Gastrotropin/FABP6 Protein, Human (His) is 128 a.a., with molecular weight of ~15.0 kDa.
Glycolithocholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycolithocholic acid. Glycolithocholic acid, an endogenous metabolite, is a glycine-conjugated secondary bile acid and can be used to diagnose ulcerative colitis (UC), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) [1][2][3][4].
Taurocholic acid-d4 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurocholic acid. Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Chenodeoxycholic acid- 13C is the 13C-labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Ursodeoxycholic acid- 13C is the 13C labeled Ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholate) is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Orally active[1][2].
Odevixibat-d5 is deuterated labeled Odevixibat (HY-109120). Odevixibat (A4250) is a selective and orally active ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor. Odevixibat decreases cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mice model. Odevixibat has the potential for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis .
Odevixibat- 13C6 is 13C labeled Odevixibat (HY-109120). Odevixibat (A4250) is a selective and orally active ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor. Odevixibat decreases cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mice model. Odevixibat has the potential for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis .
Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d9 is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Chenodeoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Ursodeoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-d4 is the deuterium labeled Ursodeoxycholic acid (HY-13771). Ursodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid also reduces ACE2 expression and is beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection[1][2][3][4][5].
Cholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
Cholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
Cholic acid- 13C is the 13C-labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
Glycocholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Glycocholic acid. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways .
Glycocholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycocholic acid. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways[1].
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid-d4 (Ursodeoxycholylglycine-d4) is the deuterium labeled Glycoursodeoxycholic acid. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid, a acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate, is a metabolite of ursodeoxycholic acid[1][2].
Deoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
Deoxycholic acid-d6 is the deuterium labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
Deoxycholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
Deoxycholic acid- 13C is the 13C-labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
Hyodeoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Hyodeoxycholic acid. Hyodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed in the small intestine by the gut flora, and acts as a TGR5 (GPCR19) agonist, with an EC50 of 31.6 µM in CHO cells.
7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one-d7 is the deuterium labeled 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bileacids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1[1][2].
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d9 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (12-Deoxycholyltaurine sodium salt) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d7 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (sodium salt). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Chenodeoxycholylglycine sodium salt) is a bile acid formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Chenodeoxycholylglycine sodium salt) induces hepatocyte apoptosis[1][2].
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d5 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (12-Deoxycholyltaurine sodium salt) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a bile acid formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) induces hepatocyte apoptosis[1][2].
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d4-1 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) sodium is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
4β-Hydroxycholesterol-d4 is the deuterium labeled 4β-Hydroxycholesterol. 4β-hydroxy Cholesterol is a major oxysterol cholesterol metabolite and a precursor in the synthesis of bileacids that is found in human circulation[1][2].
Tranexamic acid- 13C2, 15N (Cyclocapron- 13C2, 15N) is the 13C2 and 15N labeled Tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent that alleviates liver damage and fibrosis in mouse models of chronic bile duct injury .
4β-Hydroxycholesterol-d5 is the deuterium labeled 4β-Hydroxycholesterol (HY-124265). 4β-hydroxy Cholesterol is a major oxysterol cholesterol metabolite and a precursor in the synthesis of bileacids that is found in human circulation[1][2].
Taurodeoxycholate-d6 (sodium salt) is the deuterium labeled Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt[1]. Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses[2]. [2][3].
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid-d4 (sodium) is a deuterated labeled Taurohyodeoxycholic acid (sodium) . Taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) sodium is the taurine-conjugated form of the secondary bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid. Taurohyodeoxycholic acid can also reduce the activity and expression of myeloperoxidase TNF-α and IL-6, as well as colonic damage in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model.
Taurine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes[1][2][3].
Taurine- 13C2 is the 13C-labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes[1][2][3].
Taurine- 13C2, 15N is the 13C- and 15N- labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes[1][2][3].
3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid-d3is the deuterium labeled3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid(HY-113097) . 3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3α,7α-Dihydroxycoprostanic acid, a bile acid, is the precursor to chenodeoxycholic acid .
Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5is the deuterium labeledTaurodeoxycholic acid(HY-B1899) . Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) .
Deoxycholic acid sodium salt (sodium deoxycholate), a bile acid, is a by-product of intestinal metabolism, that activates the G protein-coupled bile acid receptorTGR5 .
Isolithocholic acid (β-Lithocholic acid) is an isomer of Lithocholic acid. Isolithocholic acid, a bile acid, is formed by microbial metabolism of Lithocholic acid or Lithocholic acid 3α-sulfate .
Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes .
Cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide is an epoxide derivative of cholesterol formed by the enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol in the liver and other tissues. Cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide has unique chemical properties that make it an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of bileacids, which play a key role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats. It also has a potential physiological role in regulating cholesterol metabolism and transport, although its biological function is not fully understood.
Cholesterol Excipient is a component of cell membranes, and precursors certain hormones, vitamin D and bileacids. Cholesterol Excipient can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations for its amphiphilicity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability .
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