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Results for "

cell-membrane

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	5-HT Receptor (1) Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (1) Acyltransferase (1) ADC Cytotoxin (1) Adrenergic Receptor (2) Amino Acid Derivatives (3) Androgen Receptor (1) Angiotensin Receptor (1) Antibiotic (22) Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) (1) Apoptosis (9) Autophagy (5) Bacterial (63) Beta-lactamase (1) Biochemical Assay Reagents (36) c-Fms (1) Calcium Channel (4) Calmodulin (2) Carbonic Anhydrase (3) Caspase (6) CaSR (3) CCR (1) CFTR (2) Chloride Channel (1) Cholinesterase (ChE) (2) CXCR (1) Cytochrome P450 (1) Dengue Virus (1) DNA Stain (4) DNA/RNA Synthesis (3) Dopamine Receptor (1) Drug Metabolite (2) EAAT (1) Endogenous Metabolite (46) Estrogen Receptor/ERR (1) Farnesyl Transferase (1) Ferroptosis (2) Flavivirus (1) Fluorescent Dye (48) Fungal (40) G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase (GRK) (1) GHSR (1) Glucocorticoid Receptor (4) Glucosylceramide Synthase (GCS) (1) Glycosidase (1) HBV (1) Herbicide (2) Hippo (MST) (1) Histone Methyltransferase (1) HIV (1) HSP (1) IFNAR (1) IKK (1) Insulin Receptor (1) Integrin (3) Interleukin Related (1) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (11) JAK (1) Ketohexokinase (2) Leukotriene Receptor (2) Liposome (12) LPL Receptor (2) mGluR (1) Microtubule/Tubulin (1) Mitochondrial Metabolism (2) MMP (1) mTOR (1) MyD88 (2) nAChR (1) Neuropeptide Y Receptor (1) NF-κB (2) Oxytocin Receptor (1) P-glycoprotein (1) p38 MAPK (1) Parasite (1) PERK (1) PGE synthase (2) Phospholipase (1) Photosensitizer (2) PI3K (2) PKA (1) PKC (2) PKG (2) Potassium Channel (12) Protease Activated Receptor (PAR) (2) RAD51 (2) Ras (2) Reactive Oxygen Species (13) ROS Kinase (1) SARS-CoV (5) Ser/Thr Protease (2) Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) (1) Smo (1) Sodium Channel (14) STAT (1) STING (2) Succinate Dehydrogenase (3) TGF-β Receptor (1) TNF Receptor (3) TRP Channel (1) Urotensin Receptor (2) VAP-1 (1) VDAC (2) Virus Protease (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (71) Cardiovascular Disease (20) Endocrinology (9) Infection (106) Inflammation/Immunology (25) Metabolic Disease (33) Neurological Disease (44)
Click Chemistry:	Azide (4) Alkynes (1)
Oligonucleotides:	Liposomal Film-forming Agents (1) Emulsifiers (1) Phospholipids (10) Cationic Lipids (2) mRNA (2) Polymers (1) Cholesterol (2)

351

Inhibitors & Agonists

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Targets Recommended: PSMA Itk TOPK NAMPT ALCAM/CD166 GDNF Receptor VISTA BCL6 Tim3 BMI1

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-128206

I3MT-3 5 Publications Verification HMPSNE	Hippo (MST)	Metabolic Disease
I3MT-3 (HMPSNE) is a potent, selective, and cell-membrane permeable inhibitor of 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) (IC₅₀=2.7 μM). I3MT-3 is inactive for other H2S/sulfane sulfur-producing enzymes.?I3MT-3 targets a persulfurated cysteine residue located in the active site of 3MST .

HY-133705

Geldanamycin-FITC	HSP	Others
Geldanamycin-FITC, a Geldanamycin fluorescent probe, can be used in a fluorescence polarization assay for HSP90 inhibitors. Geldanamycin-FITC also can be used for detection of cell surface HSP90 .

HY-110240

IHR-1	Smo	Others
IHR-1 is a cell membrane impermeable Smo antagonist .

HY-101883

BCECF-AM 5+ Cited Publications	Fluorescent Dye	Others
BCECF-AM is a cell membrane permeable compound widely used as a fluorescent indicator for intracellular pH.

HY-113159

Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3)	Endogenous Metabolite	Metabolic Disease
Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) is a component of phospholipids found in all animal cell membranes.

HY-D0970

Diphenyl Blue 2 Publications Verification Direct Blue 14; Trypan Blue	Fluorescent Dye	Others
Diphenyl Blue (Trypan Blue) is a cell active dye, the most commonly used dye for the identification of dead cells, of en used to test cell membrane integrity and cell viability. Diphenyl Blue staining is one of the methods for tissue and cell culture. When cells are deactivated or have incomplete cell membranes, Diphenyl Blue can stain them Blue. Normal living cells with intact cell membranes reject Diphenyl blue and do not stain them blue. However, macrophages are capable of phagocytosis of Diphenyl Blue, so it can be used as a living stain for macrophages .

HY-D1074

DiOC3(3) 3,3'-Dipropyloxacarbocyanine iodide	Fluorescent Dye	Others
DiOC3(3) (3,3'-Dipropyloxacarbocyanine iodide) is a green fluorescent lipophilic dye with cell membrane permeability. DiOC3(3) can be used to stain cell membranes and other lipid-soluble biological structures .

HY-159666

Nystatin A1	Antibiotic Fungal	Infection
Nystatin A1 is a polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotic that can be isolated from Streptomyces noursei. Nystatin A1 binds to ergosterol on the fungal cell membrane, increasing the permeability of the cell membrane and causing leakage of cell contents, thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of fungi .

HY-P5947

Tat-HA-NR2B9c	HIV	Neurological Disease
Tat-HA-NR2B9 contains a fragment of the cellmembrane transduction domain of HIV-1 Tat, a influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tag, and the C-terminal 9 amino acids of NR2B (NR2B9c). Tat-HA-NR2B9 reduces infarct size and improves neurological functions in ischemia-induced cerebral injury in the rats

HY-W590676

Tetramyristoylcardiolipin TMCL	Liposome	Others
Tetramyristoylcardiolipin (TMCL) is an anionic lipid. Tetramyristoylcardiolipin can be used to study cell membrane function and drug delivery .

HY-156252

Antifungal agent 75	Fungal	Infection
Antifungal agent 75 (compound 6r) is a potent antifungal agent against Candida albicans. Antifungal agent 75 significantly inhibits the formation of C. albicans biofilm, increases the permeability of the cell membrane, reduces the ergosterol level of the cell membrane, damages the membrane structure, and destroys the integrity of the cell structure to exert excellent antifungal activity .

HY-169160

Anti-MRSA agent 18	Bacterial	Infection
Anti-MRSA agent 18 (E17) is an inhibitor of MRSA with MIC values of 2 μg/mL for S. aureus and 4 μg/mL for MRSA, respectively. Anti-MRSA agent 18 interacts with bacterial cell membrane phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, causing changes in cell membrane permeability and polarization, increased intracellular ROS, and DNA and protein leakage, thereby accelerating bacterial death .

HY-A0248B

Polymyxin B2	Antibiotic Bacterial	Infection
Polymyxin B2 is a polypeptide antibiotic that has antibacterial activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. Polymyxin B2 kills the bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharide molecules on the bacterial cell membrane, disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane and causing the cell contents to leak. Polymyxin B2 can be used in antibiotic development and treatment of drug-resistant strains .

HY-131058

Muscotoxin A	ADC Cytotoxin	Cancer
Muscotoxin A is an ADC cytotoxin. Muscotoxin A is a cytotoxic lipopeptide that permeabilizes mammalian cell membranes and induces necrotic cell death .

HY-110256

N-Acetylcysteine amide 10+ Cited Publications	Reactive Oxygen Species	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
N-Acetylcysteine amide is a cell membranes and blood brain barrier permeant thiol antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, reduces ROS production.

HY-A0248C

Polymyxin B2 Sulfate	Antibiotic Bacterial	Infection
Polymyxin B2 Sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic that has antibacterial activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. Polymyxin B2 Sulfate kills the bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharide molecules on the bacterial cell membrane, disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane and causing the cell contents to leak. Polymyxin B2 Sulfate can be used in antibiotic development and treatment of drug-resistant strains .

HY-167808

cis-9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid	Endogenous Metabolite Biochemical Assay Reagents
Cis-9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has the activity of regulating the physical properties of cell membranes. The presence of Cis-9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid can enhance the fluidity and flexibility of cell membranes. Cis-9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid participates in a variety of physiological processes in the body, affecting cell signal transduction and membrane structure stability.

HY-B1597

Cetalkonium chloride Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride	Bacterial	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Cetalkonium chloride is an ammonium antiseptic agent used in many topical agents for infections of mouth, throat and eye. Cetalkonium chloride acts as anti-inflammatory amphiphilic agent. Cetalkonium chloride is a cationic surfactant, that improves the precorneal residence time and bioavailability of drugs. Cetalkonium chloride interacts with the negative charges on the bacterial cell membrane, disrupts the integrity of the cell membrane, causes leakage of cell contents and ultimately leading to bacterial death .

HY-D0918

YO-PRO-1	Fluorescent Dye	Others
YO-PRO-1 (Oxazole yellow) is a carbocyanine monomer and DNA green fluorescent dye that is not permeable to normal animal cell membranes but is permeable to the cell membranes of apoptotic and necrotic cells. YO-PRO-1 is commonly used for the detection of apoptosis and necrosis. YO-PRO-1 has a high affinity for DNA and is essentially non-fluorescent when not bound to DNA. When apoptosis occurs, the permeability of the cell membrane changes. YO-PRO-1 can enter apoptotic cells and bind to DNA and emit bright green fluorescence. Therefore, YO-PRO-1 is often used together with propidium iodide (PI) to analyze and identify apoptotic and necrotic cells.

HY-B0517A

Mepivacaine hydrochloride	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Mepivacaine hydrochloride binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization .

HY-A0089

Colistin sulfate 15+ Cited Publications Polymyxin E sulfate	Bacterial Autophagy Antibiotic	Infection
Colistin sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic which inhibits gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

HY-P2670

SN50M	NF-κB	Others
SN50M, a mutant peptide of SN50 (HY-P0151), is a cell membrane-permeable inactive control peptide .

HY-169202

Antifungal agent 118	Fungal	Cancer
Antifungal agent 118 (compund C22) inhibits the hyphal growth of V. mali by inducing oxidative damage and disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane .

HY-N8633

1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol	Endogenous Metabolite	Others
1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol is an endogenous metabolite that is a cell membrane component .

HY-121872

DP-b99	Others	Neurological Disease
DP-b99 is a chelator of zinc and calcium ions that acts selectively within cell membranes and has neuroprotective properties in animal models of stroke.

HY-168066

Antifungal agent 117	Fungal	Infection
Antifungal agent 117 is a bis-pyrazole carboxamide derivative with antifungal activity, exhibiting an EC₅₀ value of 11.58 mg/L against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Antifungal agent 117 increases cell membrane permeability, causing an imbalance in osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell, and induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage to the cell membrane, resulting in leakage of cellular contents and eventually cell death. RNA sequencing analysis reveals that Antifungal agent 117 downregulates catalase genes and upregulates neutral ceramidase genes, disrupting cell membrane structure, accelerating sphingolipid metabolism, and promoting cell death. Antifungal agent 117 shows great potential in the fields of plant protection and antifungal infection .

HY-161476

Ir-ImNO	Fluorescent Dye	Cancer
Ir-ImNO is a mitochondria-targeted two-photon probe with excellent cell membrane permeability, capable of detecting both endogenous and exogenous cell membrane permeability. Ir-ImNO can monitor different immune response states of macrophages through various imaging techniques, including one-photon and two-photon phosphorescence imaging as well as phosphorescence lifetime imaging. Ir-ImNO can be utilized in the research to assist in the clinical monitoring of immunotherapy .

HY-D0041

Calcein-AM 55+ Cited Publications Calcein acetoxymethyl ester	Fluorescent Dye	Cancer
Calcein AM, has cell membrane permeability and can easily enter the cell. Calcein AM has no fluorescence and is hydrolyzed by endogenous esterase in the cell to produce polar molecule Calcein (Calcein), which has strong negative charge and cannot permeate the cell membrane. Calcein can emit strong green fluorescence, so it is often used with Propidium Iodide for cell viability/virulence detection, excitation/emission wavelength: 494/515 nm .

HY-W588725

N3-Cho Azido-choline	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
N3-Cho (Azido-choline) is a click chemistry reagent containing an azide group that can be used in the synthesis of cell membrane structures .

HY-162687

Antibacterial agent 232	Fungal	Infection
Antibacterial agent 232 (compound Y41) is a potent antibacterial agent. Antibacterial agent 232 disrupts the cell membrane integrity by inducing cell peroxidation .

HY-10114

TGX-221 15+ Cited Publications	PI3K	Cancer
TGX-221 is a potent, selective, and cell membrane permeable inhibitor of the PI3K p110β catalytic subunit, used for cancer treatment.

HY-W414321

Fructosamine hydrochloride D-Isoglucosamine hydrochloride	Endogenous Metabolite	Others
Fructosamine hydrochloride (D-Isoglucosamine hydrochloride) is a metabolic intermediate and component of cell membranes and cartilage. Fructosamine hydrochloride induces site-specific breaks in DNA chains, especially in the presence of Cu ²⁺ .

HY-W588725A

N3-Cho bromide Azido-choline bromide	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
N3-Cho (Azido-choline) bromide is a click chemistry reagent containing an azide group that can be used in the synthesis of cell membrane structures .

HY-135745

Sulfentrazone	Herbicide	Others
Sulfentrazone is a phenyl triazolinone herbicide used for control of certain broadleaf and grass weed species. Sulfentrazone inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase, resulting in the disruption of lipid cell membranes .

HY-105048A

Omiganan pentahydrochloride	Bacterial	Infection
Omiganan pentahydrochloride is a cationic peptide compound with a broad antibacterial profile. Omiganan pentahydrochloride is capable of inhibiting a variety of bacteria, including yeast, and is active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Omiganan pentahydrochloride is able to interact with the bacterial cell membrane, causing the destruction of the cell membrane and the death of the bacteria. Omiganan pentahydrochloride can be used for the study of antimicrobial activity against pathogens commonly associated with catheter-associated infections, including strains with drug-resistant phenotypes .

HY-134665

NITD-2	Flavivirus Dengue Virus DNA/RNA Synthesis	Infection
NITD-2, a dengue virus (DENV) polymerase inhibitor, inhibits the DENV RdRp-mediated RNA elongation. NITD-2 penetrates cell membrane poorly .

HY-100906

1,1-Dimethyl-4-acetylpiperazinium iodide	nAChR	Neurological Disease
1,1-Dimethyl-4-acetylpiperazinium iodide is an agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) that open ion channels and causes cell membrane depolarization .

HY-101336

RS 17053 hydrochloride RS-17053	Adrenergic Receptor	Metabolic Disease Endocrinology
RS 17053 hydrochloride is a potent and selective α1_A adrenoceptor antagonist, with a pK_i value of 9.1 in native cell membrane and a pA₂ value of 9.8 in functional assays.

HY-W008884

25-NBD Cholesterol	Bacterial	Others
25-NBD Cholesterol is a fluorescently labeled form of cholesterol that facilitates the distinction between exogenous and endogenous cholesterol within bacterial cell membranes, emitting green fluorescence signals.

HY-106753

Tolnapersine	P-glycoprotein	Others
Tolnapersine exhibits multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal activity, which reverses the resistance of tumor cells to multiple chemotherapy drugs by affecting P-glycoprotein (Pgp) on the cell membrane .

HY-158246

QPP-I-6	Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase	Others
QPP-I-6 is an inhibitor for acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase). QPP-I-6 exhibits herbicidal activity through induction of cell membrane permeability .

HY-W504836

Deuteroporphyrin IX dihydrochloride	Photosensitizer	Neurological Disease
Deuteroporphyrin IX (dihydrochloride) is a photosensitizer with high lipophilicity and amphiphilicity, capable of providing photosensitivity for cell membrane systems. Deuteroporphyrin IX (dihydrochloride) can induce irreversible discharge elimination in individual neurons .

HY-P10103

Smac-N7 peptide	Caspase	Cancer
Smac-N7 peptide, the seven N-terminal amino acid of the mitochondrial protein Smac (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase), cannot pass through the cell membrane .

HY-107723

CGP71683 hydrochloride CGP71683A	Neuropeptide Y Receptor	Neurological Disease Endocrinology
CGP71683 hydrochloride is a competitive neuropeptide Y5 receptor antagonist with a K_i of 1.3 nM, and shows no obvious activity at Y1 receptor (K_i, >4000 nM) and Y2 receptor (K_i, 200 nM) in cell membranes.

HY-108004

Decamethoxine Septefril; Decametoxin	Bacterial Fungal	Infection
Decamethoxine (Septefril) is a cationic gemini surfactant. Decamethoxine exhibits strong bactericidal and fungicidal effects. Decamethoxine modifies the permeability of the microbial cell membrane, resulting in the destruction and death of diverse microorganisms .

HY-B0517

Mepivacaine	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Mepivacaine is an amide-type local anesthetic agent. Mepivacaine binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization .

HY-17362

Vancomycin hydrochloride 60+ Cited Publications	Bacterial Autophagy Antibiotic	Infection Cancer
Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.

HY-D0080

Laurdan 5+ Cited Publications	Fluorescent Dye	Others
Laurdan is a membrane-permeable fluorescent probe that displays spectral sensitivity to the phospholipid phase of the cell membrane to which it is bound. Quantitation of generalized polarization (GP) of Laurdan can be used to identify phospholipid phase.

HY-156005

Antibacterial agent 153	Bacterial	Others
Antibacterial agent 153 is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Antibacterial agent 153 kills bacteria by acting on the bacterial cell membrane. Antibacterial agent 153 can be used for bacterial infections research .

HY-128419

Biguanidinium-porphyrin	Photosensitizer	Others
Biguanidinium-porphyrin is a mitochondria-targeting photosensitizer. Biguanidinium-porphyrin distributes within cell membranes with a large component in vesicles that correlated to some extent with the lysosomes and, upon longer exposures, in mitochondria and the cytosolic membrane .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-113159

Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3)	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Disease markers Endocrine diseases Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) is a component of phospholipids found in all animal cell membranes.

HY-A0089

Colistin sulfate 15+ Cited Publications Polymyxin E sulfate	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Source classification Animal Husbandry Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics	Bacterial Autophagy Antibiotic
Colistin sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic which inhibits gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

HY-17362

Vancomycin hydrochloride Maximum Cited Publications 62 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Source classification Antibacterial Disease Research Other Antibiotics Plant Cell Culture Microorganisms Antibiotics Phenols Polyphenols Disease Research Fields Cancer	Bacterial Autophagy Antibiotic
Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.

HY-B0739

Citicoline 3 Publications Verification Cytidine diphosphate-choline; CDP-Choline; Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine	Alkaloids Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms other families Animals Other Alkaloids Source classification Plants Endogenous metabolite	Apoptosis Endogenous Metabolite Reactive Oxygen Species Caspase
Citicoline is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study .

HY-B1776

Spermidine 5+ Cited Publications	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Anti-aging Source classification Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H₂O₂ and O₂ ^.- contents .

HY-B1776A

Spermidine hydrochloride 5+ Cited Publications	Structural Classification Natural Products other families Animals Classification of Application Fields Source classification Metabolic Disease Plants Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Spermidine hydrochloride maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine hydrochloride significantly decreases the H₂O₂ and O₂ ^.- contents .

HY-B0739A

Citicoline sodium 3 Publications Verification Cytidine diphosphate-choline sodium; CDP-Choline sodium; Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine sodium	Alkaloids Structural Classification Microorganisms other families Animals Other Alkaloids Source classification Plants Endogenous metabolite	Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species Caspase
Citicoline sodium is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline sodium inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline sodium can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study .

HY-121615

α-Phellandrene alpha-Phellandrene	Melaleuca alternifolia Structural Classification Other Monoterpenes Terpenoids Source classification Myrtaceae Plants	Fungal
α-Phellandrene (alpha-Phellandrene) has antifungal activity. α-Phellandrene significantly inhibits the hyphal growth of P. cyclopium, destroys their cell membrane integrity and causes leakage of cellular components .

HY-108191

Paldimycin A Antibiotic 273a1α	Structural Classification Microorganisms Antibiotics Source classification	Bacterial Antibiotic
Paldimycin A (Antibiotic 273a1α) is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces paulus, primarily targeting Gram-positive bacteria. Paldimycin A exerts its antibacterial effects by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and cell membrane function .

HY-A0089R

Colistin (sulfate) (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Antibiotics Source classification Animal Husbandry Antibacterial Disease Research Other Antibiotics	Bacterial Autophagy Antibiotic
Colistin (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Colistin (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Colistin sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic which inhibits gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

HY-17362R

Vancomycin (hydrochloride) (Standard)	Structural Classification Plant Cell Culture Microorganisms Antibiotics Source classification Phenols Polyphenols Antibacterial Disease Research Other Antibiotics	Bacterial Autophagy Antibiotic
Vancomycin (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vancomycin (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.

HY-114457

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate L-alpha-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	PI3K
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (L-alpha-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate), a phospholipid component of cell membranes, is a substrate for phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and as a primary messenger .

HY-B0739AR

Citicoline (sodium) (Standard)	Alkaloids Structural Classification Microorganisms other families Animals Other Alkaloids Source classification Plants Endogenous metabolite	Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species Caspase
Citicoline sodium (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citicoline sodium. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Citicoline sodium is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline sodium inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline sodium can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study.

HY-B0757A

(±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate rel-Vitamin E Nicotinate	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Source classification Pyridine Alkaloids Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Reactive Oxygen Species Endogenous Metabolite
(±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate, vitamin E - nicotinate, is an orally active fat-soluble antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate is hydrolysed in the blood to α -tocopherol and niacin and may be used in studies of related vascular diseases .

HY-N6734

K-252b	Infection Alkaloids Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Disease Research Fields Indole Alkaloids	PKC
K-252b, an indolocarbazole isolated from the actinomycete Nocardiopsis, is a PKC inhibitor. K-252b can be used to inhibit extracellular kinases of cells in culture because it can’t pass through cell membrane freely .

HY-N8015

Octanal	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms other families Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Plants Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite Bacterial Fungal
Octanal is a fragrant aldehyde with antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Its antifungal effect against G. citri-aurantii may be related to the disruption of cell membrane integrity and the leakage of cellular components. Additionally, Octanal exhibits cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 3.5 μg/mL .

HY-N5034R

Phosphorylethanolamine (Standard) Monoaminoethyl phosphate (Standard); NSC 254167 (Standard); O-Phosphoethanolamine (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Immune System Disorder Microorganisms Disease markers Endogenous metabolite	Endogenous Metabolite
Phosphorylethanolamine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phosphorylethanolamine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phosphorylethanolamine (Monoaminoethyl phosphate) is present in most animal tissues and is also present in various human extracranial tumors. Phosphorylethanolamine is considered as the intermediate product of phospholipid metabolism. Phosphorylethanolamine is essential for the formation and maintenance of the cell membrane .

HY-B1776R

Spermidine (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Source classification Endogenous metabolite	Endogenous Metabolite
Spermidine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Spermidine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents .

HY-N7188

CJ-21,058	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Source classification	Bacterial
CJ-21,058 is a potent SecA inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 15 µg/mL. CJ-21,058 inhibits ATP-dependent translocation of precursor proteins across a bacterial cell membrane. CJ-21,058 shows antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria .

HY-B1776AR

Spermidine (hydrochloride) (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products other families Animals Source classification Plants Endogenous metabolite	Endogenous Metabolite
Spermidine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Spermidine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Spermidine hydrochloride maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine hydrochloride significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents .

HY-B0739R

Citicoline (Standard) Cytidine diphosphate-choline (Standard); CDP-Choline (Standard); Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (Standard)	Alkaloids Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms other families Animals Other Alkaloids Source classification Plants Endogenous metabolite	Apoptosis Endogenous Metabolite Caspase
Citicoline (Cytidine diphosphate-choline) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citicoline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Citicoline is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study

HY-N6708

Alamethicin	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Source classification Mammalian Cell Culture Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics	Antibiotic Bacterial
Alamethicin is a linear 20-amino acid antibiotic, which can induce voltage-gated conductance in model and cell membranes. Alamethicin exhibits antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but not Gram-negative bacteria. Alamethicin can form an amphipathic α-helical structure in biological membranes .

HY-105088A

Pexiganan acetate MSI 78	Structural Classification Natural Products Animals Source classification	Bacterial
Pexiganan acetate (MSI 78) is the acetate salt form of Pexiganan (HY-105088). Pexiganan acetate is an orally active broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide, which inhibits 99% gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria through disruption of cell membrane/cells permeability. Pexiganan acetate can be used in the research of infections, such as diabetic foot ulcer infections .

HY-113498

Sphingomyelin 1 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Sphingomyelin is a eukaryotic sphingolipid and one of the major constituents of cell membranes and particularly abundant in the myelin sheath that surrounds neuronal axons. Sphingomyelin plays an important role in cell processes, the regulation of inflammatory responses, and signal transduction. Sphingomyelin metabolism is associated with various central nervous system diseases and Niemann–Pick disease .

HY-118667

Dehydroergosterol	Microorganisms Source classification	Liposome
Dehydroergosterolis a naturally occurring fluorescent sterol analog (Ex/Em=325/375 nm), which mimics the properties of cholesterol in cell membranes. DehydroergosterolEasily conjugated by cholesterol-binding proteins for real-time imaging in live cells. DehydroergosterolThe sterol environment and intracellular sterol transport in vivo can be probed/elucidated in real time .

HY-135416

Streptolysin O	Infection Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Streptolysin O, a group A streptococcal toxin, is a well-characterized oxygen-labile prototype of a cholesterol-binding bacterial exotoxin. Streptolysin O causes both lysis of cells and cardiotoxicity. Streptolysin O is widely used for the controlled permeabilization of cell membranes. Streptolysin O exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state .

HY-105751

Kalafungin Kalamycin; U-19718	Structural Classification Microorganisms Antibiotics Source classification Other Antibiotics	Antibiotic Bacterial Beta-lactamase Fungal
Kalafungin is an antibiotic, antimicrobial agent and a β-lactamase inhibitor from marine Streptomyces, with IC₅₀ of 225.37 μM. Kalafungin destroys cell membranes. Kalafungin shows inhibitory activities against a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, protozoa, gram-positive bacteria (such as S. aureus ATCC 33591 and S. aureus ATCC 23591), and, to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria .

HY-149614

Laccase-IN-1	Infection Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Source classification Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite Fungal
Laccase-IN-1 (compound 4b) is an orally active inhibitor of laccase, with the IC₅₀ of 11.3 μM. Laccase-IN-1displays protective and curative effects on apple fruits infected by B. dothidea. Laccase-IN-1 enhances the cell membrane permeability, destroys the mycelial surface morphology and the cell ultrastructure, and reduces the ergosterol and exopolysaccharide contents of B. dothidea .

HY-N8015R

Octanal (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms other families Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Plants	Endogenous Metabolite Bacterial Fungal
Octanal (Standard) is the analytical standard of Octanal. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Octanal is a fragrant aldehyde with antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Its antifungal effect against G. citri-aurantii may be related to the disruption of cell membrane integrity and the leakage of cellular components. Additionally, Octanal exhibits cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 3.5 μg/mL .

HY-116003

12,13-DiHOME	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
12,13-DiHOME is a stimulator of Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as a thermogenic lipokine that activates BAT in response to cold. (±)12,13-DiHOME activates BAT fuel uptake and enhances cold tolerance, via promoting the translocation of the FA transporters FATP1 and CD36 to the cell membrane. (±)12,13-DiHOME can be used for research of metabolic disorders .

HY-113217

Cholesteryl oleate	Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Steroids	Liposome Endogenous Metabolite
Cholesteryl oleate is an ester compound formed from Cholesterol (HY-N0322) and Oleic acid (HY-N1446), which is involved in lipid transport, storage and cell membrane formation in living organisms. Cholesteryl oleate may serve as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. Cholesteryl oleate can also prepare cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for efficient gene silencing .

HY-W018643

Ferulic acid methyl ester Methyl ferulate	Monophenols Classification of Application Fields Neurological Disease Simple Phenylpropanols Stemonaceae Source classification Phenols Phenylpropanoids Plants Disease Research Fields Stemona tuberosa Lour. Cancer	p38 MAPK Autophagy
Ferulic acid methyl ester (Methyl ferulate) is a derivative of ferulic acid, isolated from Stemona tuberosa, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties . Ferulic acid methyl ester is a cell membrane and brain permeable compound, shows free radical scavenging ability, used in the research of neurodegenerative disorders . Ferulic acid methyl ester inhibits COX-2 expression, blocks p-p38 and p-JNK in primary bone marrow derived-macrophages .

HY-N1369R

Menthol (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Labiatae Source classification Erythrina poeppigiana Plants Endogenous metabolite	Calcium Channel
Menthol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Menthol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Menthol is an analgesic and TRPM8 modulator. TRPM8 is a cold temperature sensing ion channel, and Menthol can regulate TRPM8 to exert analgesic and anti-irritation mechanisms. Menthol stimulates cold receptors and produces a cooling sensation by inhibiting Ca++ currents in neuronal cell membranes. Menthol also improves oral nicotine rejection in mice .

HY-135416A

Streptolysin O (≥1000000 units/mg)	Infection Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Source classification Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Streptolysin O (≥1000000 units/mg) is a ≥1000000 units/mg Streptolysin O (HY-135416). Streptolysin O, a group A streptococcal toxin, is a well-characterized oxygen-labile prototype of a cholesterol-binding bacterial exotoxin. Streptolysin O causes both lysis of cells and cardiotoxicity. Streptolysin O is widely used for the controlled permeabilization of cell membranes. Streptolysin O exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state .

HY-B1513

α-Cyclodextrin 2 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Zea mays L. Polysaccharides Classification of Application Fields Gramineae Source classification Other Diseases Plants Disease Research Fields Saccharides	Microtubule/Tubulin SARS-CoV
α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) is a soluble fiber derived from corn. α-Cyclodextrin can deplete sphingolipids and phospholipids from cell membranes. α-Cyclodextrin interacts with tubulin. α-Cyclodextrin improves defenses against SARS-CoV-2 infection. α-Cyclodextrin enhances the anticancer efficacy of Crcumin (HY-N0005) against breast, lung and cervical cancer. α-Cyclodextrin has beneficial effects on body weight and blood lipids .

HY-161935

6-(12-Tridecene-1-yl)-2,4-Dihydroxy benzoic acid	Structural Classification Lysimachia tengyuehensis Hand.-Mazz. Antibiotics Source classification Plants Primulaceae Other Antibiotics	Bacterial
6-(12-Tridecene-1-yl)-2,4-Dihydroxy benzoic acid (Compound 2) exhibits antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin enterococci (VRE). 6-(12-Tridecene-1-yl)-2,4-Dihydroxy benzoic acid interfers with the integrity and function of the bacterial cell membrane, and affects metabolism in MRSA. 6-(12-Tridecene-1-yl)-2,4-Dihydroxy benzoic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-infective efficacy, and promotes angiogenesis in mice .

HY-111355B

Cholesteryl sulfate sodium	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Source classification Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Steroids	Endogenous Metabolite
Cholesteryl sulfate sodium is an orally available, NPC2-targeted cholesterol biosynthesis agonist. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium activates SREBP2 by competitively binding to NPC2, promoting cholesterol synthesis (EC₅₀=50 μM). Cholesteryl sulfate sodium enhances the self-assembly ability of Mitoxantrone hydrochloride (HY-13502A), while repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier and inhibiting inflammation by regulating serine protease activity and PKCη signaling pathway. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium is a component of the platelet cell membrane and supports platelet adhesion. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium also regulates the activity of selective protein kinase C isoforms and modulates the specificity of PI3K, playing a role in keratinocyte differentiation .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-B0517S

Mepivacaine-d3
Mepivacaine-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Mepivacaine. Mepivacaine is an amide-type local anesthetic agent. Mepivacaine binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization[1][2].

HY-B1776S

Spermidine-d6
Spermidine-d₆ is the deuterium labeled Spermidine[1]. Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents[2].

HY-B1776AS

Spermidine-d8 hydrochloride
Spermidine-d₈ (hydrochloride)e is the deuterium labeled Spermidine trihydrochloride. Spermidine hydrochloride maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine hydrochloride significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents[1].

HY-B0739AS

Citicoline-d9 sodium

Citicoline-d₉ (Cytidine diphosphate-choline-d₉) sodium is the deuterium labeled Citicoline sodium (HY-B0739A). Citicoline sodium is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline sodium inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline sodium can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study .

HY-B0563S1

Ropivacaine-d7

Ropivacaine-d₇ is deuterium labeled Ropivacaine. Ropivacain is a potent sodium channel blocker. Ropivacain blocks impulse conduction via reversible inhibition of sodium ion influx in nerve fibrese[1][2]. Ropivacaine is also an inhibitor of K2P (two-pore domain potassium channel) TREK-1 with an IC50 of 402.7 μM in COS-7 cell's membrane[3]. Ropivacaine is used for the research of neuropathic pain management[1].

HY-113217S

Cholesteryl oleate-d7

Cholesteryl oleate-d₇ is deuterium labeled Cholesteryl oleate. Cholesteryl oleate is an ester compound formed from Cholesterol (HY-N0322) and Oleic acid (HY-N1446), which is involved in lipid transport, storage and cell membrane formation in living organisms. Cholesteryl oleate may serve as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. Cholesteryl oleate can also prepare cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for efficient gene silencing .

HY-B1776AS1

Spermidine-13C4 hydrochloride
Spermidine- ¹³C₄ (hydrochloride) is the ¹³C-labeled Spermidine trihydrochloride. Spermidine hydrochloride maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine hydrochloride significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents[1].

HY-119696S

MTIC-d3
MTIC-d₃ is deuterium labeled MTIC. MTIC is the active metabolite of Temozolomide (TMZ). MITC has lower bioavailability in the brain compared with TMZ, because the agent’s permeability through biological barriers and tumor cell membranes affects bioavailability. MITC exhibits low affinity to biological membrane[1].

HY-114518S2

Butenafine-d4

Butenafine-d4 (KP363-d4) is the deuterium labeled Butenafine (HY-114518). Butenafine (KP363) is a potent and broad spectrum benzylamine antifungal agent . Butenafine inhibits fungal ergosterol biosynthesis at the point of squalene epoxidation, leading to a deficiency of the fungal cell membranes. Butenafine is effective against dermatophytes infections, such as ?tinea pedis, ?tinea cruris, tinea versicolor .

HY-N9484S

Menthofuran-13C2

Menthofuran- ¹³C₂ is ¹³C labeled Menthol (HY-N1369). Menthol is an analgesic and TRPM8 modulator. TRPM8 is a cold temperature sensing ion channel, and Menthol can regulate TRPM8 to exert analgesic and anti-irritation mechanisms. Menthol stimulates cold receptors and produces a cooling sensation by inhibiting Ca ⁺⁺ currents in neuronal cell membranes. Menthol also improves oral nicotine rejection in mice .

HY-107343S

Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester-d5

Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (Ethyl docosahexaenoate) is a 90% concentrated ethyl ester of docosahexaenoic acid manufactured from the microalgal oil. Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester enhances 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal damage by induction of lipid peroxidation in mouse striatum. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a key component of the cell membrane, and its peroxidation is inducible due to the double-bond chemical structure. Docosahexaenoic acid has neuroprotective effects[1][2].

HY-107343S1

Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester-d5-1

Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester-d₅-1 is the deuterium labeled Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (Ethyl docosahexaenoate) is a 90% concentrated ethyl ester of docosahexaenoic acid manufactured from the microalgal oil. Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester enhances 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal damage by induction of lipid peroxidation in mouse striatum. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a key component of the cell membrane, and its peroxidation is inducible due to the double-bond chemical structure. Docosahexaenoic acid has neuroprotective effects[1][2][3].

HY-113217S1

Cholesteryl oleate-d7-1

Cholesteryl oleate-d₇-1 is deuterium labeled Cholesteryl oleate. Cholesteryl oleate is an ester compound formed from Cholesterol (HY-N0322) and Oleic acid (HY-N1446), which is involved in lipid transport, storage and cell membrane formation in living organisms. Cholesteryl oleate may serve as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. Cholesteryl oleate can also prepare cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for efficient gene silencing .

HY-B0563BS

Ropivacaine-d7 hydrochloride

Ropivacaine-d₇ hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Ropivacaine (hydrochloride) (HY-B0563B) . Ropivacaine hydrochloride is a potent sodium channel blocker and blocks impulse conduction via reversible inhibition of sodium ion influx in nerve fibrese . Ropivacaine is also an inhibitor of K_2P (two-pore domain potassium channel) TREK-1 with an IC₅₀ of 402.7 μM in COS-7 cell's membrane . Ropivacaine is widely used for neuropathic pain management in vivo .

HY-23155S

2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate-d5

2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate-d₅ isothiocyanate-d₅ is the deuterium labeled 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate[1]. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate is a potent antifungal agent. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, with a MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 1.22 mM. The antifungal effect of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate against Alternaria alternata might be via reduction in toxin content and breakdown of cell membrane integrity[2][3].

HY-B0847S1

Propiconazole-d3 nitrate

Propiconazole-d₃ (nitrate) is the deuterium labeled Propiconazole nitrate. Propiconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that inhibits the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, leading to fungal cell membrane disruption. Propiconazole inhibits S. cerevisiae, but not rat liver, microsomal cytochrome P450 (IC50s=0.04 and >200 µM, respectively). Propiconazole inhibits the growth of T. deformans and R. stolonifer (ED50s=0.073 and 4.6 µg/mL, respectively). Propiconazole increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

HY-B0847S

Propiconazole-d7

Propiconazole-d₇ is the deuterium labeled Propiconazole. Propiconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that inhibits the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, leading to fungal cell membrane disruption. Propiconazole inhibits S. cerevisiae, but not rat liver, microsomal cytochrome P450 (IC50s=0.04 and >200 µM, respectively). Propiconazole inhibits the growth of T. deformans and R. stolonifer (ED50s=0.073 and 4.6 µg/mL, respectively). Propiconazole increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)[1].

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