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Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-103447S1

Zearalenone-13C18 MycoToxin F2-¹³C₁₈; Toxin F2-¹³C₁₈	Isotope-Labeled Compounds	Others
Zearalenone- ¹³C₁₈ (Mycotoxin F2- ¹³C₁₈; Toxin F2- ¹³C₁₈) is the ¹³C labeled Zearalenone (HY-103447) . Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-103447

Zearalenone 5+ Cited Publications MycoToxin F2; Toxin F2	Estrogen Receptor/ERR	Others
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-103447R

Zearalenone (Standard) MycoToxin F2(Standard); Toxin F2 (Standard)	Estrogen Receptor/ERR	Others
Zearalenone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Zearalenone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-103447S2

Zearalenone-13C7 MycoToxin F2-¹³C₇; Toxin F2-¹³C₇	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Estrogen Receptor/ERR	Others
Zearalenone- ¹³C₇ (Mycotoxin F2- ¹³C₇) is ¹³C labeled Zearalenone. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-P5917

Vm24-toxin Vaejovis mexicanus peptide 24	Potassium Channel	Others
Vm24-toxin is a toxin peptide that can be isolated from the Mexican scorpion Vaejovis mexicanus smithy. Vm24-toxin is an inhibitor of Kv1.3 potassium channel .

HY-P3071

ShK toxin Stichodactyla helianthus neuroToxin	Potassium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
ShK toxin blocks voltage-dependent potassium channel (K_v1.3 channel). ShK toxin can be isolated from the whole body extract of the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactylu helianthus). ShK toxin competes with dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin for binding to synaptosomal membranes of rat brain, facilitates acetylcholine release. ShK toxin suppresses K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. ShK toxin also inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation .

HY-P5152

*Scorpion toxin* Tf2**	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Scorpion toxin Tf2 is a β-scorpion toxin, which is firstly identified in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus fasciolatus. Scorpion toxin Tf2 is a Nav1.3 activator, which is a neuronal voltage-gated sodium (Nav) subtype implicated in epilepsy and nociception. Scorpion toxin Tf2 enhances hNav1.3 activation voltage and opens the channel at resting membrane potentials .

HY-P10612

*Tetanus toxin* peptide**	Bacterial	Metabolic Disease
Tetanus toxin peptide is a specific peptide isolated from the toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus toxin peptide can be used as an immunogen to induce diabetes in mice. Tetanus toxin peptide can be used in the study of type 1 diabetes .

HY-P5175

*Muscarinic toxin* 7**	mAChR	Neurological Disease
Muscarinic toxin 7 is a peptide toxin with selective and noncompetitive antagonism at the muscarinic M1 receptor .

HY-P5807

Cn2 toxin β-Mammal Toxin Cn2	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Cn2 toxin is aβ- toxoins. Cn2 toxin can bind to the voltage sensing domain of voltage gated sodium channels (Na_v) .

HY-P5914

Wasabi Receptor Toxin WaTx	TRP Channel	Neurological Disease
Wasabi Receptor Toxin is a cell-penetrating scorpion toxin. Wasabi Receptor Toxin is the activator for TRPA1 ion channel with EC₅₀ in nanomolar level, and prolongs the channel open time, but reduces Ca ²⁺ permeability. Wasabi Receptor Toxin causes thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia in rats, without triggering neurogenic inflammation .

HY-P5925

Ssm spooky toxin SsTx Toxin	Potassium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
Ssm Spooky Toxin from?Scolopendra mutilans, exhibits lethal toxicity in hematological and respiratory systems by potently inhibiting KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels, with IC₅₀? of 2.8 μM, 5.26 μM and 0.1-0.3 M for Kv7.4, Kv1.3, and Shal channel, respectivily. Ssm Spooky Toxin inhibits cytokine generation by specifically acting on the KV1.3 channel in T cells. Ssm Spooky Toxin plays an essential role in the centipede’s circulatory system .

HY-P5854

Aa1 toxin	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
Aa1 toxin, a neurotoxic peptide that can be obtained from the venom of Androctonus australis Garzoni, is a specific potassium channel blocker. Aa1 toxin can be used in the study of neurological diseases .

HY-P5857

MmTx2 toxin MicruroToxin 2	GABA Receptor	Neurological Disease
MmTx2 toxin is a GABA_A receptor modulator that enhances GABA_A receptor sensitivity to agonists. MmTx2 toxin can be obtained from venom of coral snake. MmTx2 toxin can be used in the study of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, schizophrenia and chronic pain .

HY-P5782

δ-Theraphotoxin-Hm1a toxin	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
δ-Theraphotoxin-Hm1a toxin is a selective Na_v1.1 activator. δ-Theraphotoxin-Hm1a toxin elicits pain and touch sensitivity. δ-Theraphotoxin-Hm1a toxin can be used for the research of irritable bowel syndrome .

HY-P5846

*Muscarinic toxin* 3** MT3	mAChR Adrenergic Receptor	Neurological Disease
Muscarinic toxin 3 (MT3) is a potent and non-competitive mAChR and adrenoceptors antagonist with pIC₅₀s of 6.71, 8.79, 8.86, 7.57, 8.13, 8.49, <6.5, 7.29 against M₁, M₄, α_1A, α_1B, α_1D,α_2A,α_2B and α_2C receptors, respectively. Muscarinic toxin 3 displays prominent adrenoceptor activity .

HY-P1411

Psalmotoxin 1 5 Publications Verification PcTx1; Psalmopoeus cambridgei Toxin-1	Sodium Channel Apoptosis	Neurological Disease Cancer
Psalmotoxin 1 (PcTx1) is a protein toxin that can bind at subunit-subunit interfaces of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). Psalmotoxin 1 is a potent and slective ASIC1a inhibitor (IC₅₀: 0.9 nM) by increasing the apparent affinity for H ⁺ of ASIC1a. Psalmotoxin 1 can induce cell apoptosis, also inhibits cell migration, proferliration and invasion of cancer cells. Psalmotoxin 1 can be used in the research of cancers, or neurological disease .

HY-P5860

MmTx1 toxin MicruroToxin 1	GABA Receptor	Neurological Disease
MmTx1 toxin (Micrurotoxin 1) is an allosteric GABA_A receptor modulator that increases GABA_A receptor susceptibility to agonist .

HY-126856

HC-Toxin	HDAC Apoptosis	Cancer
HC-Toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide, is a potent HDAC inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 30 nM . HC-Toxin induces tumor cell apoptosis and has anticancer effects .

HY-P5807A

*Cn2 toxin* TFA** β-Mammal Toxin Cn2 TFA	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Cn2 toxin TFA (β-Mammal toxin Cn2 TFA) is a single-chain β-scorpion neurotoxic peptide that is the main toxin in scorpion venom. Cn2 toxin (TFA) specifically targets mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) Nav1.6 .

HY-N14936

*AK-toxin* Ⅰ**	Fungal	Infection
AK-toxin I is a host-specific phytotoxic metabolite. AK-toxin I causes black spot disease of pear trees .

HY-112779

Pertussis Toxin 5+ Cited Publications	Endogenous Metabolite	Infection
Pertussis Toxin is a protein-based AB₅-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. Pertussis Toxin inhibits G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) signaling through Gi proteins .

HY-P5914A

*Wasabi Receptor Toxin* TFA** WaTx TFA	TRP Channel	Neurological Disease
Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA (WaTx TFA) is the TFA salt form of Wasabi Receptor Toxin (HY-P5914). Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA is a cell-penetrating scorpion toxin. Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA is the activator for TRPA1 ion channel with EC₅₀ in nanomolar level, and prolongs the channel open time, but reduces Ca ²⁺ permeability. Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA causes thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia in rats, without triggering neurogenic inflammation .

HY-122191

*AK-Toxin* II**	Others	Infection
AK-Toxin II is a phytotoxic metabolite that can be isolated from culture broth of alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype. AK-Toxin II induces characteristic veinal necrosis and rapid K ⁺ loss on susceptible pear leaves .

HY-P5144

Aah II	Sodium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
Aah II is a sodium channel modulator. Aah II is a toxin that can be isolated from the venom of scorpion Androctonus australis .

HY-P10572

HG1 Toxin	Ser/Thr Protease Potassium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology
HG1 Toxin is a peptide found in the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus fulvipes, which has the activity of inhibiting potassium channel Kv1.3. HG1 Toxin also has the activity of inhibiting trypsin (K_i=107 nM) and can be used in the study of autoimmune diseases .

HY-P5818

BDS-II	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
BDS-II is a peptide toxin, and is composed of 43 amino acids. BDS-II is a selective Kv3.4 channel inhibitor .

HY-P5140

ω-Tbo-IT1	Calcium Channel	Metabolic Disease
ω-Tbo-IT1 is a peptide toxin that can be isolated from the venom of Tibellus oblongus.ω-Tbo-IT1 is an inhibitor of insect calcium channel .

HY-P4984

*Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78)*	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) is a T cell proliferation activator. Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) promotes the in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose-dependent manner. Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) can be used in research on inflammatory and immunity, as well as cancer .

HY-P1426

AmmTX3	Potassium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
AmmTX3 is a peptide toxin that can be isolated from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus mauretanicus. AmmTX3 is specific blocker of K_v4 channel. AmmTX3 inhibits the A-type K ⁺ current (K_i: 131 nM) .

HY-P5162

Dc1a	Sodium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
Dc1a potently promotes opening of the German cockroach Na_v channel (BgNa_v1). Dc1a is a toxin can be isolated from the desert bush spider Diguetia canities .

HY-P1441

Mambalgin 1	Sodium Channel	Others
Mambalgin-1 is a toxin isolated from black mamba venom. Mambalgin-1 is a disulfide-rich polypeptide consisting of 57 amino acids and belongs to the family of three-finger toxins. Mambalgin-1 can bind to and stabilize ASICs (acid-sensing ion channels) in a physiologically relevant closed-channel conformation .

HY-P5798

Fasciculin-I FAS-I	Cholinesterase (ChE)	Neurological Disease
Fasciculin-I is isolated from the mambas venom. Fasciculin-I exerts its toxic effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Fasciculin-I blocks α-neurotoxins of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cardiac toxins that interact with cell membranes .

HY-P5801

Phlo1a μ-TrTx-Phlo1a	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Phlo1a (μ-TrTx-Phlo1a) is a peptide toxin contains 35-amino acid residues. Phlo1b is a selective Nav1.7 inhibitor. Phlo1a has a weak inhibitory effect on Nav1.2 and Nav1.5 .

HY-P5425A

*Tetanus Toxin* (830–844) TFA**	Transmembrane Glycoprotein	Cancer
Tetanus Toxin (830–844) TFA is a biological active peptide. (tetanus toxin-derived peptide TT830–844 CD4 ⁺ T-cell epitope. This promiscuous CD4 ⁺ T-cell epitope can bind to a wide range of HLA–DRB molecules and is thus expected to activate CD4 ⁺ T-cell responses in a large part of the human population) .

HY-P5800

Phlo1b μ-TrTx-Phlo1b	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Phlo1b (μ-TrTx-Phlo1b) is a peptide toxin contains 35-amino acid residues. Phlo1b is a selective Nav1.7 inhibitor. Phlo1b has a weak inhibitory effect on Nav1.2 and Nav1.5 .

HY-P5816

BmK-M1	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
BmK-M1 is a scorpion toxin, and is composed of 64 amino acids cross-linked by four disulfide bridges. BmK-M1 inhibits Na ⁺ channel and can be considered both as a cardiotoxin and a neurotoxin .

HY-P1754A

*Tetanus toxin* (830-843) TFA**	Endogenous Metabolite	Neurological Disease
Tetanus toxin (830-843) TFA is a powerful neurotoxin that reaches by retroaxonal transport and transcytosis the cytoplasm ofspinal inhibitory intemeurons and blocks their ability to release neurotransmitters .

HY-P5165

Maurotoxin	Potassium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
Maurotoxin is a 34-residue and four disulde-bridged toxin that can be isolated from the chactoid scorpion (Scorpio maurus). Maurotoxin inhibits the Shaker potassium channels (ShB) K ⁺ current with an IC₅₀ of 2 nM .

HY-P9929

Bezlotoxumab	Bacterial	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Bezlotoxumab is a human monoclonal antibody directed against C. difficile toxin B. Bezlotoxumab binds to C. difficile toxin B preventing intestinal epithelial damage and colitis .

HY-P1411A

Psalmotoxin 1 TFA 5 Publications Verification PcTx1 TFA; Psalmopoeus cambridgei Toxin-1 TFA	Sodium Channel Apoptosis	Neurological Disease Cancer
Psalmotoxin 1 (PcTx1) TFA is a protein toxin that can bind at subunit-subunit interfaces of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). Psalmotoxin 1 TFA is a potent and slective ASIC1a inhibitor (IC₅₀: 0.9 nM) by increasing the apparent affinity for H ⁺ of ASIC1a. Psalmotoxin 1 TFA can induce cell apoptosis, also inhibits cell migration, proferliration and invasion of cancer cells. Psalmotoxin 1 TFA can be used in the research of cancers, or neurological disease .

HY-P99898

Setoxaximab	Bacterial	Others
Setoxaximab is an IgG1-κ humanized chimeric antibody targeting shiga toxin type 1 .

HY-P3394

*Cholera toxin* B subunit, from vibrio cholerae** CTB, from vibrio cholerae	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
Cholera toxin B subunit, from vibrio cholerae (CTB, from vibrio cholerae) is non-toxic to cells and possesses no intrinsic adenylate cyclase activity. Cholera toxin B subunit, from vibrio cholerae attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM1.8 CTB has been shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM1 on their cell surface), but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Cholera toxin B subunit, from vibrio cholerae has been reported to be an excellent tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Cholera toxin B subunit, from vibrio cholerae has been widely used as a marker of membrane lipid rafts .

HY-P5786

Heteropodatoxin-1	Potassium Channel Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Heteropodatoxin-1 (HpTx1), a spider peptide toxin, is a Kv4.2 current inhibitor. Heteropodatoxin-1 also inhibits Nav1.7 and activates Nav1.9 but does not affect Nav1.8 .

HY-P3003

Cereulide	Apoptosis	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Cereulide, a toxin depsipeptide, can be produced by Bacillus cereus. Cereulide induces cell apoptosis. Cereulide acts on mitochondria, leading to dysfunction in different organs (liver, pancreatic islet, brain, intestines, etc.) and body systems (immune system and nervous system) .

HY-126484

Eremofortin B	Fungal	Others
Eremofortin B is a sesquiterpenoid compound synthesized by penicillium roqueforti PR Toxin (PRT) .

HY-W001117

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol Phloroglucinol Dimethyl Ether	Endogenous Metabolite	Metabolic Disease
3,5-Dimethoxyphenol is a toxin metabolite, found in human consuming yew leaves .

HY-P1604

ATX-II	Sodium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
ATX-II is a specific Na ⁺ channel Modulator toxin that can be isolated from the venom of sea anemone (Anemonia sulcata). ATX-II causes delayed inactivation of the Na ⁺

HY-P5159

Crotamine	Sodium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
Crotamine is a Na ⁺ channel modulator. Crotamine is a 42 amino acid toxin cross-linked by three disulfide bridges. Crotamine has analgesic activity. Crotamine also interacts with lipid membranes and shows myonecrotic activity. Crotamine can be isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom .

HY-P5811

Ceratotoxin-1 CcoTx1; β-TRTX-cm1a	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTx1), a peptide toxin, is an voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes inhibitor. Ceratotoxin-1 inhibits Nav1.1/β1, Nav1.2/β1, Nav1.4/β1, and Nav1.5/β1 with IC₅₀ of 523 nM, 3 nM, 888 nM, and 323 nM, respectively. Ceratotoxin-1 also inhibits Nav1.8/β1 .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-103447

Zearalenone 5+ Cited Publications MycoToxin F2; Toxin F2	Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Other Diseases Phenols Polyphenols Disease Research Fields	Estrogen Receptor/ERR
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-103447R

Zearalenone (Standard) MycoToxin F2(Standard); Toxin F2 (Standard)	Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Other Diseases Disease Research Fields	Estrogen Receptor/ERR
Zearalenone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Zearalenone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-W001117

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol Phloroglucinol Dimethyl Ether	Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils Monophenols Classification of Application Fields Source classification Taxaceae Phenols Metabolic Disease Plants Schisandraceae Disease Research Fields Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd.	Endogenous Metabolite
3,5-Dimethoxyphenol is a toxin metabolite, found in human consuming yew leaves .

HY-P1280

Margatoxin	Natural Products Animals Neurological Disease Source classification Disease Research Fields	Potassium Channel
Margatoxin, an alpha-KTx scorpion toxin, is a high affinity inhibitor of Kv1.3 (K_d=11.7 pM). Margatoxin inhibits the Kv1.2 (K_d=6.4 pM) and Kv1.1 (K_d=4.2 nM). Margatoxin, a 39 amino-acid-long peptide, is isolated from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides margaritatus and widely used in ion channel research .

HY-119412

Biliatresone	Structural Classification Flavonoids other families Classification of Application Fields Source classification Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields Isoflavones	Reactive Oxygen Species
Biliatresone is a natural toxin isolated from Dysphania glomulifera and D. littoralis. Biliatresone, a 1,2-diaryl-2-propenone class of isoflavonoid, produces extrahepatic biliary atresia in a zebrafish model .

HY-W416250

p-Cresol glucuronide	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Source classification Endogenous metabolite	Drug Metabolite
p-Cresol glucuronide, a metabolite of p-cresol, is a prototype protein-bound uremic toxin. p-Cresol glucuronide is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) .

HY-N14936

*AK-toxin* Ⅰ**	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification	Fungal
AK-toxin I is a host-specific phytotoxic metabolite. AK-toxin I causes black spot disease of pear trees .

HY-122191

*AK-Toxin* II**	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Source classification Endogenous metabolite	Others
AK-Toxin II is a phytotoxic metabolite that can be isolated from culture broth of alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype. AK-Toxin II induces characteristic veinal necrosis and rapid K ⁺ loss on susceptible pear leaves .

HY-P3003

Cereulide	Microorganisms Source classification	Apoptosis
Cereulide, a toxin depsipeptide, can be produced by Bacillus cereus. Cereulide induces cell apoptosis. Cereulide acts on mitochondria, leading to dysfunction in different organs (liver, pancreatic islet, brain, intestines, etc.) and body systems (immune system and nervous system) .

HY-126484

Eremofortin B	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Source classification	Fungal
Eremofortin B is a sesquiterpenoid compound synthesized by penicillium roqueforti PR Toxin (PRT) .

HY-N13151

3-GlcA-28-AraRhaxyl-medicagenate	Structural Classification Polysaccharides Leguminosae Source classification Plants Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Saccharides	Fungal
3-GlcA-28-AraRhaxyl-medicagenate is an insect toxin belonging to the saponin family. 3-GlcA-28-AraRhaxyl-medicagenate exhibits antifungal activity and causes mortality in rice weevils at doses down to 0.1 mg/mL .

HY-111431A

p-Cresyl sulfate potassium 5 Publications Verification p-Tolyl sulfate potassium	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Source classification Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite JNK p38 MAPK
p-Cresyl sulfate potassium is a uremic toxin that binds to a prototype protein. p-Cresyl sulfate potassium activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. p-Cresyl sulfate potassium has pro-inflammatory activity .

HY-W040307B

Saccharopine hydrochloride L-Saccharopine hydrochloride	Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Source classification Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Saccharopine (L-Saccharopine) hydrochloride, a lysine degradation intermediate, is a mitochondrial toxin. Lysine and α-ketoglutarate are converted into Saccharopine hydrochloride by the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase. Saccharopine hydrochloride is then oxidized to α-aminoapidate semialdehyde and glutamate by the saccharopine dehydrogenase. Saccharopine hydrochloride impairs development by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis .

HY-W040307

Saccharopine L-Saccharopine	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Source classification Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Saccharopine (L-Saccharopine), a lysine degradation intermediate, is a mitochondrial toxin. Lysine and α-ketoglutarate are converted into Saccharopine by the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase. Saccharopine is then oxidized to α-aminoapidate semialdehyde and glutamate by the saccharopine dehydrogenase. Saccharopine impairs development by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis .

HY-121226

Karakin	Source classification Astragalus canadensis var. mortonii (Nutt.) S.Watson Plants Fabaceae	Biochemical Assay Reagents
Karakin is a nitro toxin derived from Lotus pedunculatus. Karakin is hydrolysed rapidly to 3-NPA in gut tissue of grass grub larvae, which is enzymic and occurred mainly in the upper half of the digestive tract .

HY-P3065

Calcicludine	Structural Classification Natural Products Animals Source classification	Calcium Channel
Calcicludine is a protein toxin from the venom of the green mamba that inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channel, especially L-type calcium channel .

HY-W674241A

4-Ethylphenyl sulfate sodium	Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Source classification Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
4-Ethylphenyl sulfate sodium is a gut microbial metabolite. 4-Ethylphenyl sulfate sodium is also a protein-bound uremic toxin, a xenobiotic substrate, and causes endothelial dysfunction .

HY-129209

Myrotoxin B	Structural Classification Natural Products Source classification Morus alba L. Plants Moraceae	Others
Myrotoxin B is a toxin produced by the fungus Myrothecium roridum that can induce necrotic lesions in mulberry leaves. Myrotoxin B can also promote the infection rate of Myrothecium roridum, acting as an infection factor, increasing the ability of the fungus to infect host plants. Myrotoxin B can be used in plant pathology and mycotoxin research .

HY-42682

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification D-Galactosamine HCl	Microorganisms Source classification Vitis vinifera cv. Zalema Plants Vitaceae Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Saccharides	Drug Derivative
D(+)-Galactosamine (D-Galactosamine) hydrochloride, which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and depletion of UTP nucleotides. D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride intoxication also induces renal dysfunction thus, renal failure is often associated with the end-stage of the liver damage. Lipopolysaccharide/D(+)-Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure .

HY-111009

Swinholide A	Infection Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Animals Source classification Marine natural products Sponge Disease Research Fields	Fungal
Swinholide A is the actin-binding marine polyketide and dimerizes actin with the K_d of ~ 50 nM . Swinholide A is a microfilament disrupting marine toxin that stabilizes actin dimers and severs actin filaments. Swinholide A disrupts the actin cytoskeleton of cells.Antifungal activity .

HY-P0190

Iberiotoxin 1 Publications Verification	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification Natural Products Animals Classification of Application Fields Source classification Disease Research Fields	Potassium Channel
Iberiotoxin is a toxin isolated from Buthus tamulus scorpion venom. Iberiotoxin is a selective high conductance high conductance Ca ²⁺-activated K ⁺ channel inhibitor with a K_d of ~1 nM. Iberiotoxin does not block other types of voltage-dependent ion channels .

HY-42682R

D(+)-Galactosamine (hydrochloride) (Standard)	Microorganisms Source classification Vitis vinifera cv. Zalema Plants Vitaceae Saccharides	Others
D(+)-Galactosamine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of D(+)-Galactosamine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D(+)-Galactosamine (D-Galactosamine) hydrochloride, which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and depletion of UTP nucleotides. D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride intoxication also induces renal dysfunction thus, renal failure is often associated with the end-stage of the liver damage. Lipopolysaccharide/D(+)-Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury is a known animal model of fulminant hepatic failure .

HY-122009

Indican Indoxyl-β-D-glucoside	Alkaloids Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Source classification Other Diseases Plants Disease Research Fields Indole Alkaloids Indigofera	P-glycoprotein OAT Fluorescent Dye
Indican (Indoxyl-β-D-glucoside), a glycoside of indoxyl, is a precursor of the dyesindigo and indirubin. Indican has a major metabolite, indoxyl sulfate (IS). IS, an uremic toxin, is a substrate/inhibitor of organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, OAT 3 and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 4 .

HY-W145518

Pectin	Infection Structural Classification Polysaccharides Malus pumila Mill. Source classification Rosaceae Plants Saccharides	Endogenous Metabolite Bacterial Antibiotic
Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide, derived from the cell wall of higher plants. Pectin involves in the formation of nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle of agents. Pectin is also an adsorbent, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that binds to bacteria toxins and other irritants in the intestinal mucosa, relieves irritated mucosa .

HY-130067

Lolitrem B	Structural Classification Natural Products Gramineae Source classification Plants Lolium perenne L.	Antibiotic
Lolitrem B is a toxin produced by the fungus Epichloe .

HY-P2031

Phallacidin	Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Other Diseases Disease Research Fields	Arp2/3 Complex
Phallacidin is a member of the phallotoxin family of mushroom toxins. Phallacidin binds F-actin .

HY-130476

Satratoxin G	Structural Classification Microorganisms Terpenoids Sesquiterpenes Source classification	Caspase Apoptosis
Satratoxin G is a large cyclic mucor toxin. Satratoxin G induces apoptosis by activation of caspase .

HY-N6720

T-2 Triol	Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Sesquiterpenes Source classification Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
T-2 Triol is a trichothecene mycotoxin derived by the metabolism of T-2 toxin. It is less toxic than T-2 toxin . T-2 Triol major metabolites are evaluated in broiler chickens with Half-lives (t_1/2λz), Peak plasma concentrations (C_max) and T_max values of 9.6 mins, 563 ng/ml , 2.5 mins, respectively .

HY-N5121

Calycanthine 1 Publications Verification	Alkaloids Structural Classification Source classification Calycanthacerae Plants Chimonanthus praecox (L.)Link Alkaloid Dimers	Endogenous Metabolite
Calycanthine, the principal alkaloid of the order Calycanthaceae, has been isolated from a species of the genus Psychotria, and is a central nervous system toxin, causing convulsions .

HY-N13916

Alternaric acid	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Source classification	Fungal
Alternaric acid is a host-specific toxin produced by the plant fungal. In the presence of Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺, Alternaric acid stimulates phosphorylation of His-tagged cytosolic kinase RiCDPK2 .

HY-N10546

Ganglioside GM1	Structural Classification Natural Products Animals	Others
Ganglioside GM1 is a member of the ganglioside family that can be used for neurological disease research. Ganglioside GM1 is a functional tissue receptor for the Cholera Toxin1 .

HY-N2346

Tubulysin E	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin E is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin E can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin E displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin E inhibits microtubule/Tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N7049

Tubulysin F	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin F is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin F can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin F displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin F inhibits microtubule/Tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N7052

Tubulysin I	Structural Classification Monophenols Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Phenols Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin I is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin I can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin I displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin I inhibits microtubule/tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N7053

Tubulysin M	Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin M is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin M can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin M displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin M inhibits microtubule/tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N7050

Tubulysin G	Structural Classification Monophenols Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Phenols Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin G is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin G can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin G displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin G inhibits microtubule/tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N2348

Tubulysin D	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin D is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin D can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin D displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin D inhibits microtubule/Tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N2347

Tubulysin C	Structural Classification Natural Products Monophenols Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Phenols Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin C is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin C can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin C displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin C inhibits microtubule/Tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N7051

Tubulysin H	Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Disease Research Fields Cancer	ADC Cytotoxin Microtubule/Tubulin
Tubulysin H is a highly cytotoxic anti-microtubule toxin (anti-microtubule toxins) that is synthesized as an ADC cytotoxin (ADC Cytotoxin). Tubulysin H can be isolated from the myxobacteria Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis. Tubulysin H displays extremely potent cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range. Tubulysin H inhibits microtubule/tubulin polymerization and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .

HY-N9947

Methyl-6-gingerol	Structural Classification Natural Products Source classification Aframomum melegueta K.Schum. Plants Zingiberaceae	Bacterial Antibiotic
Methyl-6-gingerol is an antimicrobial agent derived from Aframomum melegueta that exhibits anti-mycobacterial activity by inhibiting the efflux of toxins within Mycobacterium species .

HY-N6774

Cytochalasin C 1 Publications Verification	Infection Alkaloids Microorganisms Pyrrole Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Source classification Disease Research Fields	Others
Cytochalasin C is a cell-permeable fungal toxin and induces the formation of nuclear rodlets. Cytochalasin C is 10 times less toxic in mice than is cytochalasin D .

HY-N7719

Oosporein	Quinones Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Other Diseases Benzene Quinones Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
Oosporein is a red crystalline metabolite produced by a toxin-producing strain of Chaetomium trilaterale. Chaetomium trilaterale is isolated from moldy Peanuts. Oosporein inhibits plant growth and produces phytotoxic effects .

HY-W015343

3-Methoxyphenylacetic acid m-Methoxyphenylacetic acid	Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source classification Other Diseases Disease Research Fields	Endogenous Metabolite
3-Methoxyphenylacetic acid (m-Methoxyphenylacetic acid), a m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (m-OHPAA) derivative, is a phytotoxin in Rhizoctonia solani. 3-Methoxyphenylacetic acid is used to develop a toxin-mediated bioassay for resistance to rhizoctonia root rot .

HY-N2387

Pinosylvin	Infection Structural Classification Stilbenes Classification of Application Fields Polygonaceae Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Source classification Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields	Bacterial Apoptosis Autophagy
Pinosylvin is a?pre-infectious stilbenoid toxin?isolated from the heartwood of Pinus species, has anti-bacterial activities . Pinosylvin is a resveratrol analogue, can induce cell apoptosis and autophapy in leukemia cells .

HY-N11667

18-O-Demethylpederin	Structural Classification Natural Products Source classification Marine natural products Other marine organisms	Others
18-O-Demethylpederin is a pederin analogue. Pederin is a natural polyketide compound extracted from Paederus for the first time. It is a non-protein insect toxin with a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor .

HY-N10511

GM1a Ganglioside oligosaccharide	Structural Classification Natural Products Polysaccharides Classification of Application Fields Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Saccharides	Others
GM1a Ganglioside oligosaccharide is a semisynthetic form of ganglioside GM1. Ganglioside GM1 is the natural receptor for cholera toxin and plays an important role not only in general growth regulation but also in the coupling of hormone-induced responses .

HY-126645

Atelopidtoxin	Structural Classification Natural Products Animals Source classification Animal Venoms	Sodium Channel
Atelopidtoxin (zetekitoxin) is a toxin (LD₅₀=0.016 mg/kg for mice), which can be isolated from Panamanian frog Atelopus zeteki. Atelopidtoxin causes hypotension and ventricular fibrillation in rabbits. Atelopidtoxin an inhibitor for sodium channel .

HY-N6688

Verruculogen	Infection Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Source classification Disease Research Fields	Potassium Channel Bacterial Antibiotic
Verruculogen is a toxin produced mainly by Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. and causes severe tremors in affected animals. Verruculogen inhibits Ca ²⁺-activated K ⁺ channels. Verruculogen is an M phase inhibitor of the mammalian cell cycle .

HY-N2802

Euptox A 9-Oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone	Structural Classification Terpenoids Sesquiterpenes Source classification Plants Compositae Derris indica	Apoptosis Caspase Parasite
Euptox A (9-Oxo-10, 11-dehydroageraphorone), a cadenine sesquiterpene, is the main toxin that can be isolated from Eupatorium adenophorum. Euptox A induces apoptosis by improving the gene expression level of apoptotic proteases such as caspase-10 in HeLa cells .

HY-107222

Lysionotin	Gesneriaceae Structural Classification Lysinonotus pauciflorus Maxim. Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Flavones Source classification Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields	Bacterial
Lysionotin is a flavonoid isolated from Gesneriaceae family. Lysionotin efficiently inhibit *α-Toxin* (a pore-forming protein) expression and shows significant protection against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo. Lysionotin has the potential for the treatment of S. aureus induced pneumonia .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-103447S1

Zearalenone-13C18
Zearalenone- ¹³C₁₈ (Mycotoxin F2- ¹³C₁₈; Toxin F2- ¹³C₁₈) is the ¹³C labeled Zearalenone (HY-103447) . Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-Z0056S

Bromobenzene-d5
Bromobenzene-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Bromobenzene. Bromobenzene is a well-known environmental toxin which causes liver and kidney damage through CYP450-mediated bio-activation to generate reactive metabolites and, consequently, oxidative stress[1].

HY-111431AS

p-Cresol sulfate-d7 potassium
p-Cresol sulfate-d₇ (potassium) is the deuterium labeled p-Cresyl sulfate potassium. p-Methylphenyl potassium sulfate is a prototype protein-bound uremic toxin[1][2].

HY-136406S

Bongkrekic acid-13C28

Bongkrekic acid- ¹³C₂₈ is the ¹³C labeled Bongkrekic acid (HY-136406). Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial toxin secreted by the bacteria Pseudomonas cocovenenans. Bongkrekic acid specific ligand for mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron transport chain. Bongkrekic acid has to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane to produce its inhibitory effect on ADP/ATP transport .

HY-103447S2

Zearalenone-13C7
Zearalenone- ¹³C₇ (Mycotoxin F2- ¹³C₇) is ¹³C labeled Zearalenone. Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts .

HY-42682S1

D(+)-Galactosamine-13C hydrochloride
D(+)-Galactosamine- ¹³C (hydrochloride) is the ¹³C labeled D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride. D(+)-Galactosamine (D-Galactosamine) hydrochloride, which is an established experimental toxin, primarily causes liver injury by the generation of free radicals and

HY-107654S

Muscarine-d9 iodide
Muscarine-d₉ (iodide) is the deuterium labeled Muscarine iodide. Muscarine ((+)-Muscarine) iodide is a toxin that can stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. Muscarine iodide is a prototype muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist[1][2].

HY-W654121

p-Cresol sulfate-d4 potassium
p-Cresol sulfate-d₄ (potassium) is deuterium labeled p-Cresyl sulfate (potassium). p-Cresyl sulfate potassium is a uremic toxin that binds to a prototype protein. p-Cresyl sulfate potassium activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. p-Cresyl sulfate potassium has pro-inflammatory activity .

HY-N6801S

Nivalenol-13C15

Nivalenol- ¹³C₁₅ is the ¹³C labeled Nivalenol (HY-N6801) . Nivalenol, classified as type B trichotecenes toxins produced by Fusarium graminearum, is a fungal metabolite present in agricultural product . Nivalenol induces cell death through caspase-dependent mechanisms and via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Nivalenol affects the immune system, causes emesis, growth retardation, reproductive disorders and has a haematotoxic/myelotoxic effect .

HY-W015912S

2-Acetylfuran-d3

2-Acetylfuran-d₃ is deuterated labeled Citreoviridin (HY-N6745). Citreoviridin, a toxin from Penicillium citreoviride NRRL 2579, inhibits brain synaptosomal Na ⁺/K ⁺-ATPase whereas in microsomes, both Na ⁺/K ⁺-ATPase and Mg ²⁺-ATPase activities are significantly stimulated in a dose-dependent manner . Citreoviridin inhibits cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells .

HY-23155S

2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate-d5

2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate-d₅ isothiocyanate-d₅ is the deuterium labeled 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate[1]. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate is a potent antifungal agent. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, with a MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 1.22 mM. The antifungal effect of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate against Alternaria alternata might be via reduction in toxin content and breakdown of cell membrane integrity[2][3].

HY-B1455S

Clindamycin-d3 hydrochloride

Clindamycin-d₃ (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Clindamycin. Clindamycin is an orally active and broad-spectrum bacteriostatic lincosamide antibiotic. Clindamycin can inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, possessing the ability to suppress the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Clindamycin resistance results from enzymatic methylation of the antibiotic binding site in the 50S ribosomal subunit (23S rRNA). Clindamycin decreases the production of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), toxic-shock-staphylococcal toxin (TSST-1) or alpha-haemolysin (Hla). Clindamycin also can be used for researching malaria[1][2].

HY-B1455S1

Clindamycin-13C,d3

Clindamycin- ¹³C,d₃ is the ¹³C- and deuterium labeled Clindamycin. Clindamycin is an orally active and broad-spectrum bacteriostatic lincosamide antibiotic. Clindamycin can inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, possessing the ability to suppress the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Clindamycin resistance results from enzymatic methylation of the antibiotic binding site in the 50S ribosomal subunit (23S rRNA). Clindamycin decreases the production of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), toxic-shock-staphylococcal toxin (TSST-1) or alpha-haemolysin (Hla). Clindamycin also can be used for researching malaria[1][2][3].

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